Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 8th Edition
Stručný popis
Osmé vydání zůstává základním zdrojem podrobných informací o anatomii a fyziologii hospodářských zvířat. Nabízí revidované vydání komplexního průvodce anatomii a fyziologii hospodářských zvířat. Byly doplněny kapitoly o endokrinní a metabolické regulaci růstu a složení těla. Použité ilustrace poslouží k lepšímu pochopení a porozumění. Doprovodný web této publikace poskytuje klinické případy, otázky týkající se studií a praxe, obrázky z knihy a dalších jiné použitelné obrázky, diagramy a videa.
Autor: Anna Dee Fails, DVM, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Christianne Magee, DVM, PhD, Dip ACT, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Základní informace
| Nakladatel | Wiley-Blackwell |
|---|---|
| ISBN | 9781119239710 |
| Vydání | VIII. 2018 |
| Vazba | pevná |
| Počet stran | 592 |
Popis
Revised and updated, the eighth edition of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals remains the essential resource for detailed information on farm animal anatomy and physiology.
Offers a revised edition to this comprehensive guide to the anatomy and physiology of farm animals
Presents learning objectives in each chapter for the first time
Adds new material on endocrine and metabolic regulation of growth and body composition
Features additional illustrations to enhance comprehension
Includes a companion website that offers supplemental content, including word roots, clinical cases, study and practice questions, the images from the book and additional images, diagrams, and videos to enhance learning.
Obsah
| Dedication | xii |
| About the Companion Website | xiii |
| Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology | 1 |
| Anatomical Nomenclature, Directional Terms, and Planes of Section | 3 |
| Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells and Tissues | 5 |
| Epithelial Tissues | 6 |
| Connective Tissues | 11 |
| Muscle Tissue | 13 |
| Nervous Tissue | 15 |
| The General Plan of the Animal Body | 15 |
| Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cell | 21 |
| Properties of Life | 22 |
| Chemical Composition of the Cell | 24 |
| Water | 24 |
| Proteins | 25 |
| Lipids | 26 |
| Carbohydrates | 28 |
| Inorganic Substances | 29 |
| Acids, Bases, and pH | 29 |
| Microscopic Study of the Cell | 29 |
| Light Microscopy | 30 |
| Electron Microscopy | 32 |
| The Cell Membrane | 33 |
| Structure of the Membrane | 33 |
| Intercellular Contact and Adhesion | 35 |
| Transport Across Cell Membranes | 36 |
| Simple and Facilitated Diffusion | 36 |
| Osmosis | 38 |
| Active Transport | 40 |
| Resting Membrane Potential | 41 |
| Excitable Cells and Action Potentials | 42 |
| Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Signaling | 43 |
| Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Organelles | 47 |
| Cytoplasm | 47 |
| The Golgi Apparatus | 47 |
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes | 47 |
| Mitochondria | 47 |
| Lysosomes | 48 |
| Other Structures | 48 |
| Nucleus | 49 |
| Structure of the Nucleus | 49 |
| DNA and DNA Replication | 50 |
| RNA: Transcription and Translation | 51 |
| Biotechnology | 53 |
| Cell Division | 55 |
| Mitosis | 55 |
| Meiosis | 56 |
| Regulation of Cell Growth and Replication | 57 |
| Chapter 3: Embryology | 59 |
| Development of Germ Layers | 60 |
| Principles of Differentiation | 63 |
| Neurulation | 63 |
| Mesodermal Differentiation | 64 |
| Teratogenesis | 66 |
| Chapter 4: The Skeletal System | 69 |
| Functions of Bones | 70 |
| Terminology | 70 |
| Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance | 73 |
| Axial Skeleton | 75 |
| Skull | 75 |
| Vertebral Column | 79 |
| Sternum and Ribs | 82 |
| Appendicular Skeleton | 83 |
| Thoracic Limbs | 83 |
| Pelvic Limbs | 87 |
| Chapter 5: Microscopic Anatomy and Growth and Development of Bone | 91 |
| Microscopic Anatomy and Formation of Bone | 92 |
| Ossification | 94 |
| Endochondral (Intracartilaginous) Ossification | 94 |
| Intramembranous Ossification | 96 |
| Physiology of Bone | 96 |
| Bone Mechanics and Remodeling | 96 |
| Calcium of Bone | 97 |
| Fractures and Fracture Healing | 97 |
| Other Pathologic Conditions | 99 |
| Chapter 6 Joints | 101 |
| Classification of Joints | 102 |
| Fibrous Joints | 102 |
| Cartilaginous Joints | 103 |
| Synovial Joints | 103 |
| Other Synovial Structures | 104 |
| Movements of Joints | 104 |
| Types of Synovial Joints | 106 |
| Joints of the Axial Skeleton | 107 |
| Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton | 108 |
| Joints of the Thoracic Limb | 108 |
| Joints of the Pelvic Limb | 111 |
| Pathology of Joints and Related Structures | 117 |
| Chapter 7 Anatomy of the Muscular System | 121 |
| Anatomical Nomenclature of Muscles | 122 |
| Types of Muscle Tissue | 122 |
| Skeletal Muscle Organization | 122 |
| Muscle Attachments | 123 |
| Functional Grouping of Muscles | 124 |
| Synovial Structures | 126 |
| Muscles of the Thoracic Limb | 127 |
| Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb | 130 |
| Muscles Acting on the Shoulder Joint | 131 |
| Muscles Acting on the Elbow | 132 |
| Muscles Acting on the Distal Limb | 133 |
| Muscles of the Pelvic Limb | 135 |
| Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint | 135 |
| Muscles Acting on the Stifle | 141 |
| Muscles Acting on the Hock | 142 |
| Muscles Acting on the Digit | 142 |
| Muscles of the Head | 143 |
| Muscles of Mastication | 143 |
| Muscles of Facial Expression | 144 |
| Other Muscles of the Head | 144 |
| Muscles of the Trunk and Neck | 145 |
| Extensors of the Vertebral Column | 145 |
| Flexors of the Vertebral Column | 150 |
| Abdominal Muscles | 150 |
| Muscles of Respiration | 151 |
| Chapter 8: The Equine Foot and Passive Stay Apparatus | 153 |
| Structure of the Foot | 154 |
| Bones and Cartilages | 154 |
| Cornified Tissues | 155 |
| Tendons | 159 |
| Ligaments | 160 |
| Synovial Structures | 162 |
| Function | 163 |
| Concussion and Storage of Energy | 163 |
| Stay Apparatus | 163 |
| Thoracic Limb | 164 |
| Pelvic Limb | 166 |
| Chapter 9: Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle | 171 |
| Skeletal Muscle | 172 |
| Structure | 172 |
| Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation | 175 |
| Strength of Contraction | 179 |
| Drugs That Affect Skeletal Muscle Function | 181 |
| Types of Muscle Contraction | 182 |
| Smooth Muscle | 182 |
| Structure | 183 |
| Stress–Relaxation | 183 |
| Contraction and Relaxation | 184 |
| Role and Sources of Calcium | 184 |
| Action Potentials and Slow Waves | 185 |
| Autonomic Innervation | 186 |
| Cardiac Muscle | 187 |
| Excitation and Contraction | 187 |
| Cardiac Hypertrophy | 188 |
| Chapter 10: Anatomy of the Nervous System | 189 |
| Microscopic Neuroanatomy | 192 |
| Embryology | 194 |
| Central Nervous System | 197 |
| Brain | 197 |
| Meninges | 200 |
| Spinal Cord | 202 |
| Peripheral Nervous System | 205 |
| Spinal Nerves | 205 |
| Cranial Nerves | 206 |
| Autonomic Nervous System | 206 |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 208 |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 211 |
| Enteric Nervous System | 212 |
| Chapter 11:Physiology of the Nervous System | 213 |
| Functional Regions of the Neuron | 214 |
| Physiology of the Nerve Impulse | 214 |
| Conduction Velocity and Myelination | 216 |
| Synaptic Transmission | 217 |
| Neurotransmitters | 220 |
| Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle | 221 |
| Reflexes Involving Skeletal Muscle Contraction | 222 |
| Voluntary Movement | 223 |
| Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System | 224 |
| Regulation of Autonomic Nervous System Activity | 224 |
| Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors | 226 |
| Regeneration and Repair in the Nervous System | 227 |
| Chapter 12: Sense Organs | 229 |
| Sensory Receptors | 230 |
| Somatosensation | 232 |
| Pain | 232 |
| Proprioception | 233 |
| Touch | 234 |
| Visceral Sensations | 234 |
| Chemical Senses | 234 |
| Gustation | 234 |
| Olfaction | 235 |
| Hearing and Balance | 236 |
| External Ear | 236 |
| Middle Ear | 238 |
| Internal Ear | 238 |
| Physiology of Hearing | 239 |
| Mechanisms of Balance | 242 |
| Vision | 245 |
| Ocular Adnexa | 245 |
| Globe | 247 |
| Lens | 250 |
| Visual Field and Light Path | 251 |
| Visual Pathways of the Brain | 251 |
| Chapter 13: Endocrinology | 253 |
| Hormones and Their Receptors | 254 |
| Chemical Classes of Hormones | 254 |
| Eicosanoids | 255 |
| Hormone Receptors | 256 |
| Cellular Effects of Peptide | 256 |
| Hormones | 256 |
| Cellular Effects of Steroid and Thyroid Hormones | 259 |
| Negative and Positive Feedback Regulation | 259 |
| Hypothalamopituitary Axis | 260 |
| Hormones of the Neurohypophysis | 262 |
| Growth Hormone | 263 |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | 264 |
| Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone | 265 |
| Other Endocrine Glands | 268 |
| Parathyroid Glands | 268 |
| Pancreatic Islets | 270 |
| Epiphysis (Pineal Gland) | 271 |
| Chapter 14: The Integument | 273 |
| Integument | 274 |
| Skin | 274 |
| Epidermis | 274 |
| Dermis | 275 |
| Hypodermis | 276 |
| Adnexa of the Skin | 276 |
| Hair | 276 |
| Glands | 278 |
| Modified Epidermis | 279 |
| Hooves | 280 |
| Horns | 282 |
| Dewclaws | 283 |
| Chestnuts and Ergots | 283 |
| Coat Color in Horses | 283 |
| Wool | 285 |
| Chapter 15: Blood and Other Body Fluids | 287 |
| Blood | 288 |
| Formed Elements of Blood and Hematopoiesis | 289 |
| Erythrocytes | 290 |
| Platelets | 293 |
| Leukocytes | 294 |
| Plasma and Serum | 295 |
| Blood pH | 296 |
| Hemostasis and Coagulation | 296 |
| Platelets and the Endothelium | 297 |
| Intrinsic and Extrinsic Coagulation Pathways | 297 |
| Lymph | 300 |
| Serous Fluids | 300 |
| Chapter 16: Body Defenses and the Immune System | 301 |
| Nonspecific Defenses | 302 |
| Specific Immune Response | 304 |
| B Lymphocytes | 304 |
| Immunoglobulins | 305 |
| T Cells and Cell‐Mediated Immunity | 306 |
| Lymphocyte Origin, Development, and Residence | 308 |
| Active and Passive Immunities | 308 |
| Immunological Surveillance | 308 |
| Lymphatic System | 309 |
| Lymphatic Vessels | 309 |
| Lymph Nodes | 309 |
| Spleen | 312 |
| Thymus | 313 |
| Tonsils | 314 |
| Chapter 17: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System | 315 |
| Heart | 316 |
| Pericardium | 316 |
| Cardiac Anatomy | 317 |
| Vessels | 320 |
| Blood Vessels | 320 |
| Lymphatic Vessels | 320 |
| Pulmonary Circulation | 320 |
| Systemic Circulation | 321 |
| Aorta | 322 |
| Arterial Distribution to the Head | 323 |
| Arterial Distribution to the Thoracic Limb | 323 |
| Arterial Distribution to the Pelvic Limb | 324 |
| Veins | 325 |
| Cranial Vena Cava | 326 |
| Caudal Vena Cava | 327 |
| Portal System | 327 |
| Fetal Circulation | 327 |
| Chapter 18: Physiology of the Heart and Circulation | 331 |
| Basic Design and Function of the Cardiovascular System | 332 |
| Cardiac Cycle | 333 |
| Systole | 336 |
| Diastole | 336 |
| Heart Sounds and Murmurs | 336 |
| Imaging the Heart | 337 |
| Electrical Activity of the Heart | 337 |
| Sinoatrial Node and Heart Rate | 337 |
| Atrioventricular Node and Other Specialized Conductive Cells in the Heart | 339 |
| Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias | 339 |
| Cardiac Output and Its Regulation | 340 |
| Ventricular Filling and Stroke Volume | 340 |
| Cardiac Contractility and Stroke Volume | 341 |
| Structure and Function of Blood Vessels | 341 |
| Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels | 341 |
| Function of Blood Vessels | 342 |
| Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure and Blood Volume | 344 |
| Neural Reflexes | 345 |
| Humoral Agents | 345 |
| Paracrine Agents | 346 |
| Cardiovascular Function During Exercise and Hypovolemia | 346 |
| Chapter 19 The Respiratory System | 349 |
| Upper Respiratory Tract | 350 |
| Nose | 350 |
| Paranasal Sinuses | 352 |
| Pharynx | 354 |
| Larynx | 354 |
| Trachea and Bronchi | 357 |
| Thorax | 357 |
| Lungs | 358 |
| Pleura | 360 |
| Physiology of Respiration | 360 |
| Ventilation | 360 |
| Gas Exchange | 363 |
| Gas Transport in Blood | 365 |
| Control of Ventilation | 366 |
| Chapter 20: Anatomy of the Digestive System | 369 |
| Organization of the Digestive System | 370 |
| Mouth | 371 |
| Teeth | 372 |
| Tongue | 377 |
| Pharynx | 378 |
| Tonsils | 378 |
| Esophagus | 380 |
| Simple Stomach | 380 |
| Ruminant Stomach | 381 |
| Ruminoreticulum | 384 |
| Omasum | 385 |
| Abomasum | 385 |
| Small Intestine | 385 |
| Large Intestine | 387 |
| Ruminants | 387 |
| Pig | 387 |
| Horse | 388 |
| Peritoneal Features | 388 |
| Accessory Digestive Organs | 389 |
| Salivary Glands | 389 |
| Pancreas | 389 |
| Liver | 391 |
| Chapter 21: Physiology of Digestion | 395 |
| Pregastric Physiology | 397 |
| Prehension and Chewing | 397 |
| Saliva and Salivary Glands | 397 |
| Swallowing | 398 |
| Ruminant Forestomach | 398 |
| Fermentative Digestion | 398 |
| Forestomach Motility | 400 |
| Reticular, or Esophageal, Groove | 400 |
| Gastric Physiology | 401 |
| Gastric Glands and Secretions | 401 |
| Gastric Motility | 402 |
| Physiology of the Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas, and Liver | 403 |
| Small Intestine Secretions and Motility | 403 |
| Exocrine Pancreas | 404 |
| Liver Digestive Function and Secretion of Bile | 406 |
| Nutrient Absorption in the Small Intestine | 407 |
| Physiology of the Cecum and Colon | 409 |
| Cecum and Colon of the Horse | 410 |
| Rectum and Defecation | 410 |
| Neuroendocrine Control of Feeding | 411 |
| Chapter 22: Nutrition and Metabolism | 413 |
| Nutrition | 414 |
| Metabolism | 414 |
| Absorptive State: Anabolism | 415 |
| Postabsorptive State: Catabolism | 417 |
| Energy Needs During Exercise | 418 |
| Blood Glucose in Ruminants | 419 |
| Ketosis | 419 |
| Chapter 23: The Urinary System | 421 |
| Anatomy of the Kidney | 422 |
| Blood and Nerve Supply | 424 |
| Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra | 424 |
| Micturition | 426 |
| Overview of Function and Histology of the Kidneys | 426 |
| Glomerular Filtration | 429 |
| Proximal Tubule Transport | 430 |
| Concentration and Dilution of Urine: Role of the Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct Transport | 431 |
| Sodium Chloride and Water Reabsorption by the Loop of Henle | 432 |
| Collecting Duct Transport and Antidiuretic Hormone | 433 |
| Osmotic Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone | 434 |
| Polyuria and Polydipsia | 434 |
| Sodium, Potassium, and Aldosterone | 434 |
| Urine Acidification | 436 |
| Regulation of Acid‐Base Balance | 436 |
| Extracellular and Intracellular Buffers | 436 |
| Classification of Alkalosis and Acidosis and Compensation | 438 |
| Chapter 24: Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System | 441 |
| Testis | 442 |
| Epididymis | 444 |
| Ductus Deferens | 444 |
| Scrotum | 445 |
| Inguinal Canal | 447 |
| Descent of the Testis | 447 |
| Castration | 449 |
| Accessory Sex Glands | 449 |
| Ampullae | 450 |
| Vesicular Glands | 450 |
| Prostate Gland | 450 |
| Bulbourethral Glands | 451 |
| Penis | 451 |
| Prepuce | 453 |
| Muscles of the Male Genitalia | 453 |
| Blood and Nerve Supply of the Male Genitalia | 453 |
| Chapter 25: Physiology of Male Reproduction | 455 |
| Seminiferous Tubules and Spermatogenesis | 456 |
| Seminiferous Tubules | 456 |
| Germ Cells and Spermatogenesis | 457 |
| Spermatozoa Morphology and Spermatogenesis | 457 |
| Rates and Timing of Spermatogenesis | 460 |
| Epididymis | 460 |
| Semen and Semen Technology | 461 |
| Hormones of Male Reproduction | 462 |
| Endocrine Regulation of Testicular Function | 462 |
| Testosterone and Its Effects | 463 |
| Erection and Ejaculation | 463 |
| Chapter 26: Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System | 465 |
| Ovaries | 466 |
| Uterine Tubes | 468 |
| Uterus | 469 |
| Vagina | 471 |
| Vestibule and Vulva | 472 |
| Blood and Nerve Supply of the Female Reproductive Tract | 473 |
| Chapter 27: The Ovary and Estrous Cycles | 475 |
| Oogenesis | 476 |
| Secondary Follicles | 476 |
| Hormones and Follicular Development | 477 |
| Ovulation | 481 |
| Luteinizing Hormone Surge | 481 |
| Spontaneous and Reflex Ovulators | 481 |
| Seasonal Transition | 481 |
| Corpus Luteum | 482 |
| Phases of the Estrous Cycle | 483 |
| Proestrus | 484 |
| Estrus | 484 |
| Metestrus | 484 |
| Diestrus and Anestrus | 484 |
| Puberty | 484 |
| Specifics of Selected Estrous Cycles | 485 |
| Mare | 485 |
| Cow | 485 |
| Ewe | 486 |
| Sow | 487 |
| Chapter 28:Pregnancy and Parturition | 489 |
| Fertilization | 490 |
| Spermatozoa Transport and Viability | 490 |
| Gamete Fusion and Early Embryonic Development | 491 |
| Implantation and Placentation | 493 |
| Hormones of Pregnancy | 496 |
| Progesterone | 496 |
| Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin | 497 |
| Relaxin | 497 |
| Pregnancy Diagnosis | 497 |
| Parturition | 498 |
| Late Gestation | 498 |
| Initiation of Parturition | 498 |
| Oxytocin | 499 |
| Fetal Presentations and Delivery | 499 |
| Dystocia | 500 |
| Chapter 29: Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammary Glands | 501 |
| Mammary Glands of the Cow | 502 |
| Suspensory Apparatus | 504 |
| Blood Supply | 504 |
| Lymphatic Vessels | 506 |
| Microscopic Anatomy of the Mammary Gland | 506 |
| Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats | 508 |
| Mammary Glands of Swine | 508 |
| Mammary Glands of the Horse | 509 |
| Physiology of Lactation | 509 |
| Composition of Milk | 509 |
| Milk Secretion | 510 |
| Lactogenesis | 511 |
| Galactogenesis | 512 |
| Milk Ejection or Letdown | 513 |
| Colostrum | 514 |
| Cessation of Lactation | 515 |
| Chapter 30: Poultry | 517 |
| Integument | 518 |
| Body Design | 520 |
| Skeleton and Bone | 522 |
| Musculature | 524 |
| Gastrointestinal System | 524 |
| Respiratory System | 527 |
| Ventilation and Gas Exchange | 528 |
| Cardiovascular System | 530 |
| Lymphatic System | 531 |
| Urinary System | 531 |
| Female Reproductive System | 534 |
| Egg Formation and Oviposition | 535 |
| Male Reproductive System | 537 |
| Sex Chromosomes | 538 |
| Reproduction and Photoperiods | 538 |
| Appendix: Abbreviations | 539 |
| Bibliography | 545 |
| Index | 547 |