BLOOD PRESSURE IN CATS AND DOGS

A practical and simple manual on the methods and techniques to measure blood pressure in cats and dogs, how to interpret the results obtained, and the recommended treatments. It includes a brief review of the current official recommendations of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), with clear rules and guidelines.

This book also contains QR codes linked to videos on how to obtain precise blood pressure measurements.

KEY FEATURES:

➜ Practical and simple manual.

➜ Clear explanations complemented by a wealth of useful images, diagrams and drawings.

➜ Includes videos on how to obtain precise blood pressure measurements.

➜ Includes offcial recommendations of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM).

Author:

ENRIQUE YNARAJA RAMÍREZ

PhD in veterinary medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain). He is an AVEPA (Spanish Small Animal Veterinary Association)-certified specialist in small animal cardiology. He has spent time as a professor at two faculties of veterinary medicine – at the Complutense University of Madrid and at the CEU Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia. He is a founding member of CardioVet, a remote diagnosis company, and currently works at Servicios Veterinarios Albeytar in La Vall d’Uixó, Castellón (Spain).

Table of Contents:

1. Blood pressure

Introduction

Blood pressure measurement methods

Normal values

Factors influencing blood pressure

Blood pressure regulation mechanisms

Immediate regulation: rapid control mechanisms

Delayed regulation:

mid‐term control mechanisms

Delayed regulation: long-term control

mechanisms

2. Blood pressure measurement

Introduction

Blood pressure dynamics

Anatomical locations for measuring blood

pressure

Measurements at the base of the tail

Measurements on a forelimb

Measurements on a hindlimb

Blood pressure measurement protocol for

clinical practice

3. Blood pressure measurement

techniques

Introduction

What other methods are available?

Doppler systems

Oscillometric systems

High-definition oscillometry (HDO)

Plethysmography and photoplethysmography

Which parameters are measured?

4. Arterial hypertension

Introduction

Values obtained

Diseases that cause hypertension in cats

and dogs

Hypertension and kidney disease

Hypertension and obesity

Hypertension and endocrine disorders

Target organ damage

The central nervous system

The heart

The eyeballs

The kidneys

The blood vessels

5. Drug treatment of hypertension

Introduction

Courses of action to reduce blood pressure

Modification of cardiac output

Control over circulating volume

Vasodilation

Antihypertensive drugs

Adrenergic receptor blockers

Calcium channel blockers

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AIIRAs)

Endothelin receptor antagonists

Renin inhibitors

Direct vasodilators

Centrally acting antihypertensives

Catecholamine-depleting drugs

Aldosterone antagonists

6. Hypotension

Introduction

Causes of hypotension in cats and dogs

Diseases and procedures that cause hypotension

Heart failure

Diabetic coma or ketoacidosis

Hypoadrenocorticism

Hypothyroidism

Direct alterations in blood vessels

7. Drug treatment of hypotension

Introduction

Courses of action to increase blood pressure

Drugs for treating hypotension

Sympathomimetic drugs

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Other cardiac stimulants

Fluid therapy solutions

References