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Cardiovascular Renal Axis Disorders in Cats and Dogs

Stručný popis

This guide addresses the two-way interaction between the heart and kidney (cardiovascular–renal axis) and shows how both acute and chronic disorders of either of these organs can affect the function of the other. To achieve its objective, the book describes the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical management of these disorders.

Autor: Javier Duque,Rafael Barrera

Cena s DPH: 1099 Kč

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Základní informace

Nakladatel	Servet
ISBN	9788418020551
Vydání	2020
Vazba	pevná
Počet stran	136

Obsah

1. Cardiorenal syndrome in human medicine	1
Introduction	2
Types of cardiorenal syndrome	2
Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS1)	2
Definition and epidemiology of CRS1	2
Pathophysiology of CRS1	3
Diagnosis of CRS1	3
Treatment of CRS1	4
Cardiorenal syndrome type 2 (CRS2)	6
Definition and epidemiology of CRS2	6
Pathophysiology of CRS2	7
Diagnosis of CRS2	7
Treatment of CRS2	7
Cardiorenal syndrome type 3 (CRS3)	8
Definition and epidemiology of CRS3	8
Pathophysiology of CRS3	8
Diagnosis of CRS3	8
Treatment of CRS3	9
Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS4)	9
Definition and epidemiology of CRS4	9
Pathophysiology of CRS4	10
Treatment of CRS4	10
Cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (CRS5)	10
Definition and epidemiology of CRS5	10
Pathophysiology of CRS5	11
Diagnosis of CRS5	11
Treatment of CRS5	11
2. Overview of the cardiovascular-renal axis in dogs and cats	13
Introduction	14
Pathophysiology	15
Classification	17
Cardiovascular-renal disorders secondary to acute heart disease (CVRD,)	18
Pathophysiology	18
Diagnostic tests	20
Treatment	20
Cardiovascular-renal disorders secondary to chronic heart disease (CVRD)	21
Pathophysiology	21
Diagnostic tests	24
Treatment	25
Cardiovascular-renal disorders secondary to acute renal diseases (CVRD)	26
Pathophysiology	26
Diagnostic tests	27
Treatment	28
Cardiovascular-renal disorders secondary to chronic kidney disease (CVRD)	30
Pathophysiology	30
Diagnostic tests	31
Treatment	32
Cardiovascular-renal disorders secondary to concomitant cardiac and renal diseases (CVRD)	32
Pathophysiology	32
Diagnostic tests	34
Treatment	34
Acute cardiovascular disorders causing acute kidney injury	35
Introduction	36
Aetiology	36
Pathophysiology	36
Pathophysiology of acute heart failure	37
Haemodynamic response	38
Worsening renal function	41
Haemodynamic mechanisms	42
Neurohormonal mechanisms	42
Inflammatory mechanisms	42
Intrinsic tubular lesions	42
Diagnosis	43
Urea and creatinine	43
New markers	43
Clinical management	44
Chronic cardiovascular disorders leading to chronic kidney disease	45
Introduction	45
Aetiology	45
Mitral valve degeneration	45
Dilated cardiomyopathy	46
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats	46
Pathophysiology	47
Diagnosis	49
Diagnostic imaging	49
Radiology	49
Ultrasound	50
Blood pressure measurement	50
Laboratory tests	51
Kidney disease biomarkers	51
Cardiac disease biomarkers	54
Haematology	54
Clinical management	54
4. Cardiovascular disorders secondary to kidney disease	57
Acute kidney disease contributing to impaired cardiac function	58
Introduction	58
Aetiology	59
Pathophysiology	59
Direct effects of AKI on the heart	59
Immune system impairment	59
Inflammation and oxidative stress	59
Apoptosis	59
Neurohormonal activation	59
Indirect effects of AKI on the heart	61
Fluid overload	61
Electrolyte imbalances	61
Acidosis	62
Uraemic toxins	62
Diagnosis	63
Diagnostic imaging	63
Radiology	63
Ultrasound	63
Laboratory diagnosis	64
Clinical management	64
By stage	64
High risk of acute kidney injury	64
Stage 1	65
Stage 2 (injury)	65
Stage 3 (renal failure)	65
Conservative treatment	65
Fluid therapy	65
Hyperkalaemia	67
Hypokalemia	68
Acidosis	68
Hypercalcaemia	69
Hypocalcaemia	69
Hyperphosphataemia	69
Recovery of diuresis	69
Management of respiratory problems	70 Management of hypertension
Management of gastrointestinal signs	70 ¨
Renal replacement therapy	70
Chronic kidney disease contributing to impaired cardiac function	71
Introduction	71
Aetiology	73
Pathophysiology	74
Systemic hypertension	74
Uraemia	74
Electrolyte abnormalities	75
Plasma volume abnormalities	75
Drug toxicity	75
Anaemia	76
Canine leishmaniasis	76
Diagnosis	77
Blood pressure measurement	77
Electrocardiography	78
Diagnostic imaging	78
Laboratory tests	78
Clinical management	80
5. Cardiovascular-renal disorders secondary to systemic diseases and concomitant cardiorenal diseases	81
Introduction	82
Diagnosis	82
Assessment of heart damage	82
Assessment of kidney damage	89
Critical patients: sepsis, SIRS, shock, and infectious diseases	90
Endocrine diseases	91
Diabetes mellitus	91
Hyperthyroidism	92
Hypothyroidism	92
6. Anaesthetic management of patients with cardiovascular-renal axis disorders	93
Introduction	94
Patients with cardiovascular disease affecting the renal system	95
Acute cardiovascular disorders	96
Chronic cardiovascular disorders	100
Dilated cardiomyopathy and valvular insufficiency	100
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and valvular stenosis	102
Patients with renal disease affecting the cardiovascular system	104
Anaesthesia in patients with acute Kidney injury	106
Anaesthesia in patients with chronic Kidney injury	107
References	109