Diagnostic Radiology in Small Animal Practice 2nd Edition

This reference book covers using digital radiology and medical imaging procedures such as ultrasound, MRI, and scintigraphy in veterinary practice. The approach is a step-by-step guide, with tips and techniques to ensure optimal X-rays and advice on how to improve radiation protection. All commonly kept pets are included: small mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. Translated from the German edition, Diagnostic Radiology in Small Animal Practice 2nd Edition is an extraordinary resource for veterinary students and veterinary school libraries.
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
List of contributors
1 Basic radiology principles and interpretation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nomenclature and image orientation
1.3 Radiographic opacity
1.4 Silhouetting and summation
1.4.1 Silhouetting
1.4.2 Summation
1.5 Radiographic perception
1.6 Radiograph description and interpretation
2 Designing a radiographic technique chart
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Influence of tube voltage (kVp) and tube current–time product (mAs) on image quality
2.2.1 Under- and overexposure
2.2.2 Motion unsharpness
2.2.3 Display of differences in attenuation
2.3 Film–screen systems and digital radiography
2.4 Grids
2.5 Focus-to-detector distance
2.6 Practical application
3 Radiology physics and artefacts
3.1 Generation of a radiograph
3.1.1 X-ray production and interaction with the patient
3.1.2 Film–screen systems
3.1.3 Digital radiography
3.1.4 Grids
3.2 Artefacts
3.2.1 Importance of artefacts
3.2.2 Assessment of image quality–recognition of artefacts
3.2.3 Causes of artefacts
4 Applied radiation safety
5 Advanced diagnostic imaging
5.1 Ultrasonography (ultrasound)
5.1.1 Basic principles
5.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages
5.1.3 Applications in small animal practice
5.2 Nuclear medicine (scintigraphy)
5.2.1 Basic principles
5.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages
5.2.3 Applications in small animal practice
5.3 Computed tomography (CT)
5.3.1 Basic principles
5.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages
5.3.3 Applications in small animal practice
5.4 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
5.4.1 Basic principles
5.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages
5.4.3 Applications in small animal practice
6 Head
6.1 Anatomy and indications
6.1.1 Skull
6.1.2 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
6.1.3 External, middle and inner ear
6.1.4 Temporomandibular joints
6.1.5 Dental structures
6.1.6 Soft tissues
6.1.7 Salivary glands
6.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
6.3 Diseases of the head
6.3.1 Congenital diseases
6.3.2 Metabolic diseases
6.3.3 Neoplasia
6.3.4 Infectious diseases
6.3.5 Trauma
6.3.6 Diseases of the salivary glands and the nasolacrimal duct
6.3.7 Dental diseases
6.3.8 Other diseases
7 Spine (neuroradiology including contrast procedures)
7.1 Anatomy and indications
7.1.1 Anatomy
7.1.2 Indications
7.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
7.2.1 Technique
7.2.2 Positioning
7.2.3 Myelography
7.2.4 Other spinal contrast studies
7.3 Spinal diseases
7.3.1 Congenital disorders
7.3.2 Atlantoaxial instability
7.3.3 Degenerative disorders
7.3.4 Intervertebral disc disease
7.3.5 Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM; ‘wobbler syndrome’)
7.3.6 Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (‘cauda equina syndrome’)
7.3.7 Inflammatory conditions of the spine
7.3.8 Spinal trauma
7.3.9 Spinal neoplasia
7.3.10 Other spinal diseases
8 Neck (including trachea)
8.1 Anatomy and indications
8.1.1 Anatomy
8.1.2 Indications
8.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
8.2.1 Technique
8.2.2 Positioning
8.3 Diseases of the neck
8.3.1 Diseases of the larynx
8.3.2 Diseases of the trachea
9 Thorax (excluding the heart)
9.1 Anatomy and indications
9.1.1 Anatomy
9.1.2 Indications
9.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
9.2.1 Technique
9.2.2 Positioning
9.2.3 Phase of respiration (inspiration – expiration)
9.3 Diseases of the thorax
9.4 Diseases of the thoracic wall
9.4.1 Extrapleural lesions
9.4.2 Abnormal opacity of the thoracic wall
9.4.3 Thoracic wall anomalies
9.5 Diseases of the diaphragm
9.5.1 Diaphragmatic paralysis
9.5.2 Diaphragmatic hernia
9.5.3 Other diseases
9.6 Diseases of the pleura and pleural space
9.6.1 Pleural effusion
9.6.2 Pneumothorax
9.6.3 Infiltrative diseases of the pleura
9.7 Diseases of the mediastinum
9.7.1 Mediastinal mass lesions and generalized mediastinal widening
9.7.2 Pneumomediastinum
9.8 Diseases of the lung
9.8.1 Pulmonary patterns
9.8.2 Specific lung diseases
10 Heart and great vessels
10.1 Anatomy and indications
10.1.1 Anatomy
10.1.2 Indications
10.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
10.2.1 Technique
10.2.2 Positioning
10.2.3 Contrast studies
10.3 Diseases of the cardiovascular system
10.3.1 Cardiomegaly and microcardia
10.3.2 Congestive heart failure (cardiac insufficiency)
10.3.3 Congenital heart diseases
10.3.4 Acquired heart diseases
10.3.5 Disorders of the pericardium
11 General abdomen
11.1 Anatomy and indications
11.1.1 Anatomy
11.1.2 Indications
11.2 Radiographic technique, positioning and interpretation
11.2.1 Technique
11.2.2 Positioning
11.2.3 Abdominal image contrast
11.2.4 Basic principles of contrast procedures
11.2.5 Approach and interpretation
11.3 Interpretation of changes in abdominal image contrast
11.3.1 Peritoneal and retroperitoneal loss of detail
11.3.2 Loss of contrast due to space occupying lesions
11.3.3 Irregular loss of (retro)peritoneal contrast
11.3.4 Extra-abdominal changes with loss of contrast
11.3.5 Abdominal accumulations of gas
11.3.6 Abdominal calcifications
11.4 Classification of abdominal masses
11.4.1 Terminology and definitions
11.4.2 Cranial masses
11.4.3 Dorsal masses
11.4.4 Caudal masses
11.4.5 Ventral masses
11.4.6 Central masses
12 Liver, spleen, lymph nodes and pancreas
12.1 Anatomy and indications
12.1.1 Anatomy
12.1.2 Indications
12.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
12.3 Diseases of the liver
12.3.1 Changes in hepatic size
12.3.2 Changes in radiographic opacity
12.4 Diseases of the spleen
12.4.1 Generalized splenomegaly
12.4.2 Focal splenomegaly
12.5 Diseases of the lymph nodes
12.6 Diseases of the pancreas
13 Digestive tract (including contrast procedures)
13.1 Anatomy and indications
13.1.1 Anatomy
13.1.2 Indications
13.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Oesophagography
13.2.3 Contrast examination of the stomach and small intestine
13.2.4 Contrast examination of the large intestine (colonogram)
13.3 Disorders of the oesophagus
13.3.1 Megaoesophagus
13.3.2 Oesophageal stricture
13.3.3 Foreign bodies
13.3.4 Oesophageal neoplasia
13.3.5 Hiatal hernia and gastro-oesophageal intussusception
13.4 Disorders of the stomach
13.4.1 Changes in gastric position
13.4.2 Gastric dilatation (GD) and gastric dilatation with volvulus (GDV)
13.4.3 Foreign bodies
13.4.4 Pyloric obstruction (gastric outflow obstruction)
13.4.5 Gastric ulcers
13.4.6 Infiltrative disorders and mass lesions of the stomach
13.4.7 Gastric perforation
13.5 Disorders of the small intestine
13.5.1 Ileus
13.5.2 Foreign bodies
13.5.3 Intussusception
13.5.4 Small intestinal volvulus
13.5.5 Infiltrative disorders of the small intestine
13.6 Disorders of the large intestine
13.6.1 Megacolon
13.6.2 Congenital anomalies
13.6.3 Intussusception
13.6.4 Infiltrative disorders of the large intestine
14 Urogenital tract (including contrast procedures)
14.1 Anatomy and indications
14.1.1 Anatomy
14.1.2 Indications
14.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
14.2.1 Excretory urography (EU)/intravenous pyelography (IVP)
14.2.2 Cystography and urethrography (retrograde)
14.2.3 Other contrast studies
14.3 Renal and ureteral diseases
14.3.1 Abnormalities in renal number and position
14.3.2 Abnormalities in renal size and shape
14.3.3 Abnormalities in renal opacity
14.3.4 Pyelonephritis
14.3.5 Chronic renal disease
14.3.6 Hydronephrosis and hydroureter
14.3.7 Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
14.3.8 Perirenal pseudocysts
14.3.9 Renal neoplasia
14.3.10 Renal and ureteral calculi
14.3.11 Renal or ureteral rupture
14.3.12 Ectopic ureter
14.4 Diseases of the urinary bladder and urethra
14.4.1 Cystitis and urethritis
14.4.2 Bladder and urethral calculi
14.4.3 Bladder and urethral neoplasia
14.4.4 Urachal diverticulum
14.4.5 Bladder or urethral rupture
14.5 Pregnancy and diseases of the female reproductive tract
14.5.1 Pregnancy
14.5.2 Ovarian diseases
14.5.3 Diseases of the uterus
14.6 Diseases of the male reproductive tract
14.6.1 Diseases of the prostatic gland
14.6.2 Other diseases of the male reproductive tract
15 General principles of orthopaedic radiology
15.1 Anatomy and indications
15.1.1 Anatomy
15.1.2 Indications
15.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
15.2.1 Standard radiographs
15.2.2 Special radiographic techniques
15.3 Approach to radiographic evaluation
15.4 Soft-tissue abnormalities
15.4.1 Abnormal radiographic opacity
15.4.2 Changes in soft-tissue volume
15.5 Skeletal abnormalities
15.5.1 Bone response to disease
15.5.2 Classification of bone lesions
16 Congenital and developmental bone and joint diseases
16.1 Joint diseases
16.1.1 Diseases of the shoulder joint
16.1.2 Diseases of the elbow joint
16.1.3 Diseases of the carpus
16.1.4 Diseases of the coxofemoral joint
16.1.5 Diseases of the stifle joint
16.1.6 Diseases of the tarsus
16.2 Bone diseases
16.2.1 Congenital dysostoses
16.2.2 Anomalies in cartilage and bone development
16.2.3 Other bone diseases
17 Acquired bone and joint diseases
17.1 Degenerative joint disease
17.2 Inflammatory bone and joint diseases
17.2.1 Inflammatory bone diseases
17.2.2 Inflammatory joint diseases
17.3 Neoplastic bone and joint diseases
17.3.1 Primary bone tumours
17.3.2 Secondary bone tumours
17.3.3 Other tumours and tumour-like lesions
17.3.4 Joint-associated tumours
17.4 Fractures and luxations
17.4.1 Fractures
17.4.2 Luxations
17.5 Other acquired conditions of the musculoskeletal system
17.5.1 Hypertrophic osteopathy
17.5.2 Diseases of soft tissues
18 Fractures
18.1 Fracture diagnosis and classification
18.1.1 Aetiology
18.1.2 Location
18.1.3 Degree
18.1.4 Communication with the external environment
18.1.5 Type
18.1.6 Dislocation
18.1.7 Chronicity
18.2 Fracture healing
18.2.1 Primary or direct healing
18.2.2 Secondary healing
18.2.3 Factors influencing fracture healing
18.2.4 Radiographic evaluation
18.2.5 Complications
19 Birds
19.1 Anatomy and indications
19.1.1 Anatomy
19.1.2 Indications
19.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
19.2.1 Preparation, positioning and technique
19.2.2 Contrast studies
19.3 Disorders of the head
19.4 Disorders of the cardiovascular system
19.5 Disorders of the respiratory tract
19.6 Disorders of the coelomic cavity, liver and spleen
19.6.1 Coelomic cavity
19.6.2 Liver
19.6.3 Spleen
19.7 Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
19.7.1 Impaction
19.7.2 Dilatation
19.7.3 Other findings
19.8 Disorders of the urogenital tract
19.8.1 Diseases of the kidneys
19.8.2 Diseases of the gonads
19.9 Disorders of the musculoskeletal system
19.9.1 Fractures and luxations
19.9.2 Osteomyelitis
19.9.3 Bone tumours
19.9.4 Arthritis and degenerative joint disease
19.9.5 Other diseases
20 Small mammals
20.1 Anatomy
20.1.1 Head
20.1.2 Axial skeleton
20.1.3 Appendicular skeleton
20.1.4 Inner organs
20.2 Radiographic technique and positioning
20.2.1 Teeth
20.2.2 Musculoskeletal system
20.2.3 Thorax and abdomen
20.3 Disorders of the head and upper neck region
20.3.1 Dental diseases
20.3.2 Other diseases
20.4 Disorders of the locomotor apparatus
20.4.1 Spinal diseases
20.4.2 Diseases of the extremities
20.5 Disorders of the thorax
20.5.1 Heart diseases
20.5.2 Lung diseases
20.5.3 Thoracic neoplasia
20.5.4 Other thoracic diseases
20.6 Disorders of the abdomen
20.6.1 Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
20.6.2 Diseases of the liver
20.6.3 Diseases of the urinary tract
20.6.4 Diseases of the reproductive tract
20.6.5 Other abdominal diseases
21 Reptiles
21.1 Anatomy and indications
21.1.1 Anatomy
21.1.2 Indications
21.2 Radiograpic technique and positioning
21.2.1 General principles
21.2.2 Contrast procedures
21.3 Disorders of the musculoskeletal system
21.3.1 Metabolic bone diseases
21.3.2 Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis
21.3.3 Fractures and luxations
21.3.4 Other diseases
21.4 Disorders of the head
21.5 Disorders of the cardiovascular system
21.6 Disorders of the respiratory tract
21.7 Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
21.8 Disorders of the urinary tract
21.9 Disorders of the reproductive tract
21.9.1 Sexing
21.9.2 Diagnosis of a gravid reptile
21.9.3 Egg binding
21.10 Neoplastic disorders
Index