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Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Medicine

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Autoři vytvořili kapesní příručku šetřící čas nejen studentům, ale i praktickým veterinárním lékařům. Jedná se o seznam diferenciálních diagnóz onemocnění malých zvířat, který byl aktualizován a doplněn. Pro elektronicky zdatné je kniha k dispozici v operační systému
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Autor: Alexis the Director of a referral and first opinion practice in Bath,UK, where he sees referrals in small animal medicine, cardiologyand neurology. He is a holder of the Royal College of VeterinarySurgeons Certificate of Small Animal Medicine and VeterinaryCardiology, and a Postgraduate Certificate in Neuroimaging forResearch. He is the author of Breed Predispositions to Disease inDogs and Cats, also published by Wiley, and is a frequentcontributor to the Veterinary Times.

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Nakladatel	Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN	9781118409688
Vydání	II. vydání 2015
Vazba	brožovaná
Počet stran	446

Popis

A vital pocket-sized reference tool for busy practitioners andstudents, saving hours of searching through multiple sources.Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Medicine, SecondEdition brings together comprehensive differential diagnosislists covering a wide range of presenting signs. This newedition has been fully updated with alphabetised lists for improvednavigation. The lists cover the majority of presentations that areencountered in practice, including both common and uncommonconditions.
· Details differential diagnoses from diverse findings such ashistory, physical examination, diagnostic imaging, laboratory testresults and electrodiagnostic testing
· Provides guidance on how common conditions are, and howcommonly they are the cause of the presenting sign
· Useful throughout the working day for vets in small animalpractice, the information will save hours searching alternativemultiple references
· New co-author Kate Murphy brings her expertise as an ECVIMdiplomate
· For ultimate ease of use this book is also available as an appfor iOS and Android devices. To purchase the app visit

A vital pocket-sized reference tool for busy practitioners andstudents, saving hours of searching through multiple sources.Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Medicine, SecondEdition brings together comprehensive differential diagnosislists covering a wide range of presenting signs. This newedition has been fully updated with alphabetised lists for improvednavigation. The lists cover the majority of presentations that areencountered in practice, including both common and uncommonconditions.

Key features include:
· Details differential diagnoses from diverse findings such ashistory, physical examination, diagnostic imaging, laboratory testresults and electrodiagnostic testing
· Provides guidance on how common conditions are, and howcommonly they are the cause of the presenting sign
· Useful throughout the working day for vets in small animalpractice, the information will save hours searching alternativemultiple references
· New co-author Kate Murphy brings her expertise as an ECVIMdiplomate
· For ultimate ease of use this book is also available as an appfor iOS and Android devices. To purchase the app visit

Obsah

Introduction	1
Part 1: Historical Signs	5
1.1 General, systemic and metabolic historical signs	5
1.1.1 Polyuria/polydipsia	5
1.1.2 Weight loss	7
1.1.3 Weight gain	9
1.1.4 Polyphagia	10
1.1.5 Anorexia/inappetence	11
1.1.6 Failure to grow	13
1.1.7 Syncope/collapse	14
1.1.8 Weakness	18
1.2 Gastrointestinal/abdominal historical signs	22
1.2.1 Ptyalism/salivation/hypersalivation	22
1.2.2 Gagging/retching	24
1.2.3 Dysphagia	26
1.2.4 Regurgitation	27
1.2.5 Vomiting	28
1.2.6 Diarrhoea	34
1.2.7 Melaena	40
1.2.8 Haematemesis	42
1.2.9 Haematochezia	44
1.2.10 Constipation/obstipation	46
1.2.11 Faecal tenesmus/dyschezia	48
1.2.12 Faecal incontinence	49
1.2.13 Flatulence/borborygmus	50
1.3 Cardiorespiratory historical signs	51
1.3.1 Coughing	51
1.3.2 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea	52
1.3.3 Sneezing and nasal discharge	53
1.3.4 Epistaxis	55
1.3.5 Haemoptysis	56
1.3.6 Exercise intolerance	58
1.4 Dermatological historical signs	59
1.4.1 Pruritus	59
1.5 Neurological historical signs	61
1.5.1 Seizures	61
1.5.2 Trembling/shivering	65
1.5.3 Ataxia	67
1.5.4 Paresis/paralysis	76
1.5.5 Coma/stupor	80
1.5.6 Altered behaviour: General changes	82
1.5.7 Altered behaviour: Specific behavioural problems	84
1.5.8 Deafness	85
1.5.9 Multifocal neurological disease	87
1.6 Ocular historical signs	90
1.6.1 Blindness/visual impairment	90
1.6.2 Epiphora/tear overflow	93
1.7 Musculoskeletal historical signs	95
1.7.1 Forelimb lameness	95
1.7.2 Hindlimb lameness	99
1.7.3 Multiple joint/limb lameness	103
1.8 Reproductive historical signs	104
1.8.1 Failure to observe oestrus	104
1.8.2 Irregular seasons	106
1.8.3 Infertility in the female with normal oestrus	107
1.8.4 Male infertility	108
1.8.5 Vaginal/vulval discharge	111
1.8.6 Abortion	111
1.8.7 Dystocia	112
1.8.8 Neonatal mortality	114
1.9 Urological historical signs	115
1.9.1 Pollakiuria/dysuria/stranguria	115
1.9.2 Polyuria/polydipsia	115
1.9.3 Anuria/oliguria	116
1.9.4 Haematuria	117
1.9.5 Urinary incontinence/inappropriate urination	119
Part 2: Physical Signs	121
2.1 General/miscellaneous physical signs	121
2.1.1 Abnormalities of body temperature hyperthermia	121
2.1.2 Abnormalities of body temperature hypothermia	127
2.1.3 Enlarged lymph nodes	127
2.1.4 Diffuse pain	130
2.1.5 Peripheral oedema	130
2.1.6 Hypertension	132
2.1.7 Hypotension	133
2.2 Gastrointestinal/abdominal physical signs	135
2.2.1 Oral lesions	135
2.2.2 Abdominal distension	137
2.2.3 Abdominal pain	138
2.2.4 Perianal swelling	141
2.2.5 Jaundice	142
2.2.6 Abnormal liver palpation	144
2.3 Cardiorespiratory physical signs	146
2.3.1 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea	146
2.3.2 Pallor	151
2.3.3 Shock	151
2.3.4 Cyanosis	153
2.3.5 Ascites	155
2.3.6 Abnormal respiratory sounds	155
2.3.7 Abnormal heart sounds	156
2.3.8 Abnormalities in heart rate	160
2.3.9 Jugular distension/hepatojugular reflux	163
2.3.10 Alterations in arterial pulse	163
2.4 Dermatological signs	164
2.4.1 Scaling	164
2.4.2 Pustules and papules (including miliary dermatitis)	166
2.4.3 Nodules	168
2.4.4 Pigmentation disorders (coat or skin)	170
2.4.5 Alopecia	172
2.4.6 Erosive/ulcerative skin disease	174
2.4.7 Otitis externa	176
2.4.8 Pododermatitis	178
2.4.9 Disorders of the claws	180
2.4.10 Anal sac/perianal disease	182
2.5 Neurological signs	183
2.5.1 Abnormal cranial nerve (CN) responses	183
2.5.2 Vestibular disease	186
2.5.3 Horner s syndrome	189
2.5.4 Hemineglect syndrome (Forebrain dysfunction q.v.)	190
2.5.5 Spinal disorders	190
2.6 Ocular signs	192
2.6.1 Red eye	192
2.6.2 Corneal opacification	197
2.6.3 Corneal ulceration/erosion	198
2.6.4 Lens lesions	200
2.6.5 Retinal lesions	201
2.6.6 Intraocular haemorrhage/hyphaema	203
2.6.7 Abnormal appearance of anterior chamber	204
2.7 Musculoskeletal signs	204
2.7.1 Muscular atrophy or hypertrophy	204
2.7.2 Trismus ( lockjaw )	206
2.7.3 Weakness	207
2.8 Urogenital physical signs	207
2.8.1 Kidneys abnormal on palpation	207
2.8.2 Bladder abnormalities	208
2.8.3 Prostate abnormal on palpation	210
2.8.4 Uterus abnormal on palpation	210
2.8.5 Testicular abnormalities	211
2.8.6 Penis abnormalities	211
Part 3: Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Signs	213
3.1 Thoracic radiography	213
3.1.1 Artefactual causes of increased lung opacity	213
3.1.2 Increased bronchial pattern	213
3.1.3 Increased alveolar pattern	214
3.1.4 Increased interstitial pattern	217
3.1.5 Increased vascular pattern	220
3.1.6 Decreased vascular pattern	221
3.1.7 Cardiac diseases that may be associated with a normalcardiac silhouette	222
3.1.8 Increased size of cardiac silhouette	222
3.1.9 Decreased size of cardiac silhouette	223
3.1.10 Abnormalities of the ribs	224
3.1.11 Abnormalities of the oesophagus	225
3.1.12 Abnormalities of the trachea	228
3.1.13 Pleural effusion	230
3.1.14 Pneumothorax	232
3.1.15 Abnormalities of the diaphragm	233
3.1.16 Mediastinal abnormalities	234
3.2 Abdominal radiography	237
3.2.1 Liver	237
3.2.2 Spleen	239
3.2.3 Stomach	241
3.2.4 Intestines	244
3.2.5 Ureters	251
3.2.6 Bladder	251
3.2.7 Urethra	254
3.2.8 Kidneys	255
3.2.9 Loss of intra-abdominal contrast	258
3.2.10 Prostate	260
3.2.11 Uterus	261
3.2.12 Abdominal masses	261
3.2.13 Abdominal calcification/mineral density	262
3.3 Skeletal radiography	264
3.3.1 Fractures	264
3.3.2 Altered shape of the long bones	264
3.3.3 Dwarfism	265
3.3.4 Delayed ossification/growth plate closure	266
3.3.5 Increased radiopacity	266
3.3.6 Periosteal reactions	267
3.3.7 Bony masses	267
3.3.8 Osteopenia	268
3.3.9 Osteolysis	270
3.3.10 Mixed osteolytic/osteogenic lesions	271
3.3.11 Joint changes	271
3.4 Radiography of the head and neck	275
3.4.1 Increased radiopacity/bony proliferation of the maxilla	275
3.4.2 Decreased radiopacity of the maxilla	275
3.4.3 Increased radiopacity/bony proliferation of the mandible	276
3.4.4 Decreased radiopacity of the mandible	276
3.4.5 Increased radiopacity of the tympanic bulla	276
3.4.6 Decreased radiopacity of the nasal cavity	277
3.4.7 Increased radiopacity of the nasal cavity	277
3.4.9 Increased radiopacity of the pharynx	279
3.4.10 Thickening of the soft tissues of the head and neck	280
3.4.11 Decreased radiopacity of the soft tissues of the head andneck	281
3.4.12 Increased radiopacity of the soft tissues of the head andneck	281
3.5 Radiography of the spine	282
3.5.1 Normal and congenital variation in vertebral shape andsize	282
3.5.2 Acquired variation in vertebral shape and size	283
3.5.3 Changes in vertebral radiopacity	285
3.5.4 Abnormalities in the intervertebral space	286
3.5.5 Contrast radiography of the spine (myelography)	287
3.6 Thoracic ultrasonography	289
3.6.1 Pleural effusion	289
3.6.2 Mediastinal masses	290
3.6.3 Pericardial effusion	290
3.6.4 Altered chamber dimensions	291
3.6.5 Changes in ejection phase indices of left ventricularperformance (fractional shortening,FS%; ejection fraction, EF)2	94
3.7 Abdominal ultrasonography	294
3.7.1 Renal disease	294
3.7.2 Hepatobiliary disease	297
3.7.3 Splenic disease	300
3.7.4 Pancreatic disease	301
3.7.5 Adrenal disease	302
3.7.6 Urinary bladder disease	302
3.7.7 Gastrointestinal disease	304
3.7.8 Ovarian and uterine disease	305
3.7.9 Prostatic disease	306
3.7.10 Ascites	306
3.8 Ultrasonography of other regions	308
3.8.1 Testes	308
3.8.2 Eyes	309
3.8.3 Neck	311
Part 4: Laboratory Findings	313
4.1 Biochemical findings	313
4.1.1 Albumin	313
4.1.2 Alanine transferase	315
4.1.3 Alkaline phosphatase	316
4.1.4 Ammonia	318
4.1.5 Amylase	319
4.1.6 Aspartate aminotransferase	320
4.1.7 Bilirubin	321
4.1.8 Bile acids/dynamic bile acid test	322
4.1.9 C-reactive protein (D)	322
4.1.10 Cholesterol	323
4.1.11 Creatinine	324
4.1.12 Creatine kinase	324
4.1.13 Ferritin	325
4.1.14 Fibrinogen	326
4.1.15 Folate	326
4.1.16 Fructosamine	327
4.1.17 Gamma-glutamyl transferase	327
4.1.18 Gastrin	328
4.1.19 Globulins	329
4.1.20 Glucose	330
4.1.21 Iron	333
4.1.22 Lactate dehydrogenase	333
4.1.23 Lipase	335
4.1.24 Triglycerides	336
4.1.25 Troponin	337
4.1.26 Trypsin-like immunoreactivity	338
4.1.27 Urea	338
4.1.28 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)	341
4.1.29 Zinc	341
4.2 Haematological findings	342
4.2.1 Regenerative anaemia	342
4.2.2 Poorly/non-regenerative anaemia	345
4.2.3 Polycythaemia	348
4.2.4 Thrombocytopenia	350
4.2.5 Thrombocytosis	353
4.2.6 Neutrophilia	354
4.2.7 Neutropenia	355
4.2.8 Lymphocytosis	357
4.2.9 Lymphopenia	358
4.2.10 Monocytosis	359
4.2.11 Eosinophilia	360
4.2.12 Eosinopenia	361
4.2.13 Mastocytemia	361
4.2.14 Basophilia	362
4.2.15 Increased buccal mucosal bleeding time (disorders ofprimary haemostasis)	362
4.2.16 Increased prothrombin time (disorders of extrinsic andcommon pathways)	363
4.2.17 Increased partial thromboplastin time or activatedclotting time (disorders of intrinsic and common pathways)	363
4.2.18 Increased fibrin degradation products	364
4.2.19 Decreased fibrinogen levels	364
4.2.20 Decreased antithrombin III levels	364
4.3 Electrolyte and blood gas findings	365
4.3.1 Total calcium	365
4.3.2 Chloride	367
4.3.3 Magnesium	369
4.3.4 Potassium	371
4.3.5 Phosphate	373
4.3.6 Sodium	375
4.3.7 pH	377
4.3.8 pa02	379
4.3.9 Total C02	381
4.3.10 Bicarbonate	381
4.3.11 Base excess	381
4.4 Urinalysis findings	381
4.4.1 Alterations in specific gravity	381
4.4.2 Abnormalities in urine chemistry	383
4.4.3 Abnormalities in urine sediment	388
4.4.4 Infectious agents	390
4.5 Cytological findings	392
4.5.1 Tracheal/bronchoalveolar lavage	392
4.5.2 Nasal flush cytology	394
4.5.3 Liver cytology	395
4.5.5 Skin scrapes/hair plucks/tape impressions	398
4.5.6 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis	398
4.5.7 Fine-needle aspiration of cutaneous/subcutaneous masses	400
4.6 Hormones/endocrine testing	401
4.6.1 Thyroxine	401
4.6.2 Parathyroid hormone	403
4.6.3 Cortisol (baseline or post-ACTH stimulation test)	404
4.6.4 Insulin	405
4.6.5 ACTH	405
4.6.6 Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)	405
4.6.7 Testosterone	406
4.6.8 Progesterone	406
4.6.9 Oestradiol	407
4.6.10 Pro-BNP	407
4.7 Faecal analysis findings	408
4.7.1 Faecal blood	408
4.7.2 Faecal parasites	408
4.7.3 Faecal culture	409
4.7.4 Faecal fungal infections	409
4.7.5 Undigested food residues	409
Part 5: Electrodiagnostic Testing	410
5.1 Electrocardiographic findings	410
5.1.1 Alterations in P wave	410
5.1.2 Alterations in QRS complex	411
5.1.3 Alterations in P R relationship	413
5.1.4 Alterations in S T segment	414
5.1.5 Alterations in Q T interval	415
5.1.6 Alterations in T wave	416
5.1.7 Alterations in baseline	416
5.1.8 Rhythm alterations	416
5.1.9 Alterations in rate	420
5.2 Electromyographic findings	422
5.2.1 Spontaneous activity	422
5.2.2 Evoked activity	423
5.3 Nerve conduction velocity findings	423
5.3.1 Decreased velocity	423
5.3.2 Increased velocity	423
Index	424