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Endocrine Disrupters: Hazard Testing and Assessment Methods

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Nakladatel	Plot
ISBN	9780470932094
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Obsah

Preface	ix
Contributors	xi
1 Ecotoxicity Test Methods for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Introduction	1
1.1 Background	1
1.2 Regulatory Concerns	2
1.3 Invertebrates	2
1.4 Vertebrates	3
1.5 Testing Schemes for EDCS	5
Reference	6
2 Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife: Background, Effects, and Implications	7
2.1 Background to Endocrine Disruption	8
2.2 Effects of EDCs on Wildlife	19
2.3 Weight of Evidence and Ecological Significance of ED Effects	32
2.4 Implications for Effect Assessment and Toxicity Testing	36
2.5 Need for More Field Studies and an Integrated Approach	38
2.6 Concluding Points	39
References	40
3 The Regulatory Need for Tests to Detect EDCs and Assess Their Hazards to Wildlife	59
3.1 Emerging Concerns and Policy Responses: Focusing on EDCs as a Large Pseudo-Uniform Group of Substances	60
3.2 General Approaches in Substance-Related Regulatory Frameworks (EU)	80
3.3 How to Make EDC Definitions Operational for Substance-Related Regulatory Work	87
3.4 Future Perspectives	91
3.5 Conclusions	92
References	93
4 Techniques for Measuring Endocrine Disruption in Insects	100
4.1 Introduction	100
4.2 Methods	105
4.3 Discussion	108
4.4 Conclusion	110
4.5 Acknowledgments	110
References	110
5 Crustaceans	116
5.1 Introduction	116
5.2 Background to Crustacean Endocrinology	118
5.3 State of the Art: What Do We Know About Endocrine Disruption in Crustaceans?	121
5.4 Available Subchronic/Chronic Standard Test Protocols	128
5.5 Complementary Tools for Identification of Endocrine Disruption	129
5.6 Summary and Conclusions	132
References	134
6 Endocrine Disruption in Molluscs: Processes and Testing	143
6.1 Background and Introduction	143
6.2 What Constitutes the Endocrine System in Molluscs?	145
6.3 End Points and Biomarkers of Endocrine Disruption	154
6.4 Current Test Methods Using Molluscs	164
6.5 Proposed Test Methods	167
6.6 Conclusions	171
References	172
7 Using Fish to Detect Endocrine Disrupters and Assess Their Potential Environmental Hazards	185
7.1 Introduction	185
7.2 International Efforts to Standardize Fish-Based Methods for Screening and Testing Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals	188
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals	189
7.4 Progress with Developing Fish Partial Life Cycle Tests for Endocrine Disrupters	194
7.5 Prospects for the Standardization of Fish Full Life Cycle and Multigeneration Tests	195
7.6 Strengths and Weaknesses of a Hazard Evaluation Strategy Based Partly on Available and Proposed Fish Screens and Tests	197
7.7 Conclusions	198
References	198
8 Screening and Testing for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Amphibian Models	202
8.1 Introduction	202
8.2 Potential Uses of Amphibians in Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Programs	203
8.3 Embryonic Development	205
8.4 Hatching	208
8.5 Larval Development	209
8.6 Higher-Tier Tests with Amphibians	224
8.7 Other and Emerging Test Methods	227
8.8 Summary and Conclusions	229
References	232
9 Endocrine Disruption and Reptiles: Using the Unique Attributes of Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination to Assess Impacts	245
9.1 Introduction	245
9.2 Approaches to Examine Effects of EDCs	252
9.3 Induction of Sex Reversal In Ovo	255
9.4 Analysis of Sex-Reversed Animals	260
9.5 Conclusions	265
References	266
10 Birds	272
10.1 Introduction	272
10.2 Differences Between Birds and Mammals and Among Bird Species	275
10.3 In Vitro Techniques	278
10.4 Studies with Embryos	280
10.5 In Vivo Techniques	280
10.6 Examples of EDC Effects from Field Studies	285
10.7 Proposed Two-Generation Test	288
10.8 Conclusions	291
References	292
11 Mammalian Methods for Detecting and Assessing Endocrine-Active Compounds	304
11.1 Introduction	304
11.2 Mammalian Tier 1 Screening Assays	306
11.3 Tier 2 Tests	326
11.4 Human and Wildlife Relevance of Estrogen, Androgen, and Thyroid Screening Assays	329
11.5 Potential Future Assays for Endocrine Screening	330
References	332
12 Application of the OECD Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Human Health and Ecological Effects of Endocrine Disrupters	341
12.1 Introduction	342
12.2 Overview of the OECD Revised CF	343
12.3 Application of the Klimisch Criteria to the EE2 and VIN Case Studies	346
12.4 Case Study: Data Examples for 17a-Ethynylestradiol	346
12.5 Case Study: Data Examples for Vinclozolin	357
12.6 Conclusions	367
References	368
13 The Prospects for Routine Testing of Chemicals for Endocrine-Disrupting Properties and Potential Ecological Impacts	373
13.1 Introduction	373
13.2 Are There Gaps in the Test Suite for EDCs?	374
13.3 "New" Modes of Endocrine-Disrupting Action	376
13.4 How Should Tests for EDCS Be Deployed in an Integrated Fashion?	377
13.5 Use of Weight of Evidence when Assessing Possible EDCS	380
13.6 Conclusions	382
References	382
Index	385