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Endocrine Disrupters: Hazard Testing and Assessment Methods

Stručný popis

Publikace umožňuje výzkumným pracovníkům posoudit účinky endokrinních disruptorů a zároveň dodržovat nové environmentální předpisy.
Endokrinní disruptory jsou chemikálie – umělé i přírodní – které narušují endokrinní systém těla a mohou mít nepříznivé účinky na vývoj, reprodukci, neurologii a imunitu. V posledních letech řada regulačních orgánů po celém světě navrhla nebo přijala legislativu, která vyžaduje detekci a posouzení účinků endokrinních disruptorů na člověka i volně žijící zvířata. V reakci na to tato kniha poskytuje komplexní a aktuální informace o nejnovějších testovaných a osvědčených metodách používaných k detekci a posouzení environmentálních rizik, která představují chemikálie narušující endokrinní systém.
Publikace je rozdělena do kapitol pokrývajících jednotlivé hlavní taxony a také do kapitol věnovaných hodnocení a regulaci rizik. Kniha zahrnuje testovací metody pro všechny skupiny obratlovců a několik kmenů bezobratlých, včetně:
Korýšů a měkkýšů.
Hmyzu.
Ryb.
Obojživelníků a plazů.
Ptáků a savců.
Publikace navíc klade důraz na praktické, etické testovací metody, které kombinují citlivost, efektivitu, statistickou sílu a rozumné náklady.
Každou kapitolu napsal jeden nebo více mezinárodních odborníků v ekotoxikologii a čtenářům nabízí podrobný návod k implementaci jednotlivých metod na základě nejnovějšího výzkumu a vlastních laboratorních zkušeností. Všechny kapitoly navíc prošly důkladným recenzním řízením a byly upraveny s ohledem na komentáře recenzentů. Odkazy na konci každé kapitoly čtenáře provedou literaturou v oboru.
Endokrinní disruptory se doporučují vědcům, kteří potřebují testovat chemické látky na možné vlastnosti endokrinních disruptorů. Doporučují se také regulačním orgánům, které potřebují rozhodnout, zda lze konkrétní chemické látky bezpečně uvádět na trh.

Autor: PETER MATTHIESSEN, PhD

Cena s DPH: 3712 Kč

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Základní informace

Nakladatel	Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN	9780470932094
Vydání	2013
Vazba	pevná
Počet stran	398

Popis

Enables researchers to assess the effects of endocrine disrupters as well as comply with new environmental regulations

Endocrine disrupters are chemicals—both man-made and natural—that interfere with the body's endocrine system, potentially resulting in adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects. In recent years, a number of regulatory authorities around the world have drafted or enacted legislation that requires the detection and assessment of the effects of endocrine disrupters on both humans and wildlife. In response, this book provides comprehensive, up-to-date information on the latest tested and proven methods used to detect and assess the environmental hazards posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Endocrine Disrupters is divided into chapters covering each major taxon as well as chapters dedicated to hazard assessment and regulation. The book covers testing methods for all the vertebrate groups and several invertebrate phyla, including:

Crustaceans and mollusks
Insects
Fish
Amphibians and reptiles
Birds and mammals
Moreover, the book emphasizes practical, ethical testing methods that combine sensitivity, efficiency, statistical power, and reasonable cost.

Each chapter is written by one or more international experts in ecotoxicology, offering readers step-by-step guidance for implementing each method based on the latest research and the authors' firsthand laboratory experience. Furthermore, all the chapters have been subjected to a rigorous peer review and edited in light of the reviewers' comments. References at the end of each chapter guide readers to the literature in the field.

Endocrine Disrupters is recommended for scientists who need to test chemicals for possible endocrine-disrupting properties. It is also recommended for regulatory authorities who need to decide whether particular chemicals can be safely marketed.
About the Author
PETER MATTHIESSEN, PhD, is an aquatic ecotoxicologist who works as an independent consultant. Specializing in the study of endocrine disrupters, he has conducted extensive research into how sewage effluents cause feminization in wild male fish as well as how tributyltin-based antifoulants cause masculinization in wild female mollusks. Professor Matthiessen is a member of the UK Advisory Committee on Pesticides and Co-chair of the OECD Validation Management Group for Ecotoxicity Tests. He has contributed to the development of standardized ecotoxicity assays with sensitivity for endocrine disrupters as well as written guidance for the interpretation of the resulting data.

Obsah

Preface	ix
Contributors	xi
1 Ecotoxicity Test Methods for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Introduction	1
1.1 Background	1
1.2 Regulatory Concerns	2
1.3 Invertebrates	2
1.4 Vertebrates	3
1.5 Testing Schemes for EDCS	5
Reference	6
2 Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife: Background, Effects, and Implications	7
2.1 Background to Endocrine Disruption	8
2.2 Effects of EDCs on Wildlife	19
2.3 Weight of Evidence and Ecological Significance of ED Effects	32
2.4 Implications for Effect Assessment and Toxicity Testing	36
2.5 Need for More Field Studies and an Integrated Approach	38
2.6 Concluding Points	39
References	40
3 The Regulatory Need for Tests to Detect EDCs and Assess Their Hazards to Wildlife	59
3.1 Emerging Concerns and Policy Responses: Focusing on EDCs as a Large Pseudo-Uniform Group of Substances	60
3.2 General Approaches in Substance-Related Regulatory Frameworks (EU)	80
3.3 How to Make EDC Definitions Operational for Substance-Related Regulatory Work	87
3.4 Future Perspectives	91
3.5 Conclusions	92
References	93
4 Techniques for Measuring Endocrine Disruption in Insects	100
4.1 Introduction	100
4.2 Methods	105
4.3 Discussion	108
4.4 Conclusion	110
4.5 Acknowledgments	110
References	110
5 Crustaceans	116
5.1 Introduction	116
5.2 Background to Crustacean Endocrinology	118
5.3 State of the Art: What Do We Know About Endocrine Disruption in Crustaceans?	121
5.4 Available Subchronic/Chronic Standard Test Protocols	128
5.5 Complementary Tools for Identification of Endocrine Disruption	129
5.6 Summary and Conclusions	132
References	134
6 Endocrine Disruption in Molluscs: Processes and Testing	143
6.1 Background and Introduction	143
6.2 What Constitutes the Endocrine System in Molluscs?	145
6.3 End Points and Biomarkers of Endocrine Disruption	154
6.4 Current Test Methods Using Molluscs	164
6.5 Proposed Test Methods	167
6.6 Conclusions	171
References	172
7 Using Fish to Detect Endocrine Disrupters and Assess Their Potential Environmental Hazards	185
7.1 Introduction	185
7.2 International Efforts to Standardize Fish-Based Methods for Screening and Testing Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals	188
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals	189
7.4 Progress with Developing Fish Partial Life Cycle Tests for Endocrine Disrupters	194
7.5 Prospects for the Standardization of Fish Full Life Cycle and Multigeneration Tests	195
7.6 Strengths and Weaknesses of a Hazard Evaluation Strategy Based Partly on Available and Proposed Fish Screens and Tests	197
7.7 Conclusions	198
References	198
8 Screening and Testing for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Amphibian Models	202
8.1 Introduction	202
8.2 Potential Uses of Amphibians in Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Programs	203
8.3 Embryonic Development	205
8.4 Hatching	208
8.5 Larval Development	209
8.6 Higher-Tier Tests with Amphibians	224
8.7 Other and Emerging Test Methods	227
8.8 Summary and Conclusions	229
References	232
9 Endocrine Disruption and Reptiles: Using the Unique Attributes of Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination to Assess Impacts	245
9.1 Introduction	245
9.2 Approaches to Examine Effects of EDCs	252
9.3 Induction of Sex Reversal In Ovo	255
9.4 Analysis of Sex-Reversed Animals	260
9.5 Conclusions	265
References	266
10 Birds	272
10.1 Introduction	272
10.2 Differences Between Birds and Mammals and Among Bird Species	275
10.3 In Vitro Techniques	278
10.4 Studies with Embryos	280
10.5 In Vivo Techniques	280
10.6 Examples of EDC Effects from Field Studies	285
10.7 Proposed Two-Generation Test	288
10.8 Conclusions	291
References	292
11 Mammalian Methods for Detecting and Assessing Endocrine-Active Compounds	304
11.1 Introduction	304
11.2 Mammalian Tier 1 Screening Assays	306
11.3 Tier 2 Tests	326
11.4 Human and Wildlife Relevance of Estrogen, Androgen, and Thyroid Screening Assays	329
11.5 Potential Future Assays for Endocrine Screening	330
References	332
12 Application of the OECD Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Human Health and Ecological Effects of Endocrine Disrupters	341
12.1 Introduction	342
12.2 Overview of the OECD Revised CF	343
12.3 Application of the Klimisch Criteria to the EE2 and VIN Case Studies	346
12.4 Case Study: Data Examples for 17a-Ethynylestradiol	346
12.5 Case Study: Data Examples for Vinclozolin	357
12.6 Conclusions	367
References	368
13 The Prospects for Routine Testing of Chemicals for Endocrine-Disrupting Properties and Potential Ecological Impacts	373
13.1 Introduction	373
13.2 Are There Gaps in the Test Suite for EDCs?	374
13.3 "New" Modes of Endocrine-Disrupting Action	376
13.4 How Should Tests for EDCS Be Deployed in an Integrated Fashion?	377
13.5 Use of Weight of Evidence when Assessing Possible EDCS	380
13.6 Conclusions	382
References	382
Index	385