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Fish Cognition and Behavior

Stručný popis

In the second edition of this fascinating book an international team of experts have been brought together to explore all major areas of fish learning, including:
Foraging skills
Predator recognition
Social organisation and learning
Welfare and pain
Three new chapters covering fish personality, lateralisation, and fish cognition and fish welfare, have been added to this fully revised and expanded second edition.

Autor: Culum Brown, Kevin Laland, Jens Krause

Cena s DPH: 4130 Kč

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Základní informace

Nakladatel	Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN	9781444332216
Vydání	2011
Vazba	pevná
Počet stran	472

Popis

Fish Cognition and Behavior, Second Edition contains essential information for all fish biologists and animal behaviorists and contains much new information of commercial importance for fisheries managers and aquaculture personnel. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences, fisheries and aquaculture are studied and taught will find it an important addition to their shelves.

Obsah

Preface and Acknowledgements	xv
Series Foreword	xvi
List of Contributors	xix
1 Fish Cognition and Behaviour	1
1.1 Introduction	1
1.2 Contents of this book	3
References	9
2 Learning of Foraging Skills by Fish	10
2.1 Introduction	10
2.2 Some factors affecting the learning process	12
2.2.1 Reinforcement	12
2.2.2 Drive	12
2.2.3 Stimulus attractiveness	12
2.2.4 Exploration and sampling	14
2.2.5 Attention and simple association	14
2.2.6 Cognition	15
2.2.7 Memory systems and skill transfer	18
2.3 Patch use and probability matching	19
2.4 Performance	21
2.5 Tracking environmental variation	23
2.6 Competition	26
2.7 Learning and fish feeding: some applications	27
2.8 Conclusions	27
Acknowledgements	28
References	29
3 Learned Defences and Counterdefences in Predator–Prey Interactions	36
3.1 Introduction	36
3.2 The predator–prey sequence	38
3.2.1 Encounter	39
3.2.1.1 Avoiding dangerous habitats	39
3.2.1.2 Changing activity patterns	40
3.2.2 Detection	41
3.2.2.1 Crypsis	42
3.2.2.2 Sensory perception	42
3.2.3 Recognition	43
3.2.3.1 Associative learning	43
3.2.3.2 Learning specificity	44
3.2.3.3 Search images	45
3.2.3.4 Aposematism and mimicry	46
3.2.4 Approach	47
3.2.4.1 Pursuit deterrence	47
3.2.4.2 Gaining information about the predator	47
3.2.4.3 Social learning	47
3.2.4.4 Habituation	49
3.2.5 Evasion	49
3.2.5.1 Reactive distance and escape speed and trajectory	50
3.2.5.2 Survival benefits/capture success	50
3.3 Summary and discussion	51
Acknowledgements	52
References	53
4 Learning about Danger: Chemical Alarm Cues and Threat-Sensitive Assessment of Predation Risk by Fishes	59
4.1 Introduction	59
4.2 Chemosensory cues as sources of information	60
4.2.1 Learning, innate responses and neophobia	60
4.2.2 Learned predator recognition through conditioning with alarm cues	62
4.3 Variable predation risk and flexible learning	62
4.3.1 Assessing risk in time	64
4.3.2 Sensory complementation and threat-sensitive learning	65
4.4 Generalisation of risk	66
4.4.1 Generalising of predator cues	66
4.4.2 Generalisation of non-predator cues	67
4.5 Predator recognition continuum hypothesis	68
4.5.1 Ecological selection for innate versus learned recognition of predators	69
4.5.2 Ecological selection for generalised learning	69
4.6 Retention: the forgotten component of learning	70
4.7 Conservation, management and learning	72
4.7.1 Conditioning predator recognition skills	72
4.7.2 Anthropogenic constraints	73
4.7.3 Field-based studies	73
4.8 Conclusions	74
Acknowledgements	74
References	74
5 Learning and Mate Choice	81
5.1 Introduction	81
5.2 Sexual imprinting	82
5.2.1 Does sexual imprinting promote sympatric speciation in fishes?	82
5.3 Learning after reaching maturity	83
5.4 Eavesdropping	84
5.4.1 Eavesdropping and mate choice	84
5.4.2 Benefits of eavesdropping	84
5.4.3 The audience effect	85
5.5 Mate-choice copying	87
5.5.1 Mate-choice copying – first experimental evidence and consequence	88
5.5.2 Mate-choice copying – evidence from the wild	89
5.5.3 Mate-choice copying when living in sympatry or allopatry	91
5.5.4 Mate-choice copying – the role of the early environment	92
5.5.5 Quality of the model fish	93
5.6 Social mate preferences overriding genetic preferences	94
5.6.1 Indications from guppies	94
5.6.2 Indications from sailfin mollies	95
5.7 Cultural evolution through mate-choice copying	96
5.8 Does mate-choice copying support the evolution of a novel male trait?	96
5.8.1 Theoretical approaches	97
5.8.2 Experimental approaches	98
5.9 Is mate-choice copying an adaptive mate-choice strategy?	99
5.9.1 Benefits of mate-choice copying	99
5.9.2 Costs of mate-choice copying	100
5.10 Outlook	101
5.11 Conclusions	102
References	102
6 Aggressive Behaviour in Fish: Integrating Information about Contest Costs	104
6.1 Introduction	108
6.2 Information about resource value	110
6.3 Information about contest costs	110
6.3.1 Assessing fighting ability	111
6.3.2 Information from past contests	113
6.3.2.1 Winner and loser effects	113
6.3.2.2 Individual recognition	117
6.3.2.3 Social eavesdropping	117
6.3.3 Integrating different types of cost-related information	118
6.4 Physiological mechanisms	119
6.5 Conclusions and future directions	126
Acknowledgements	128
References	128
7 Personality Traits and Behaviour	135
7.1 Introduction	135
7.2 Observation and description of personality	137
7.2.1 Current terminology	137
7.2.1.1 Shyness–boldness	138
7.2.1.2 Coping styles	140
7.2.1.3 Behavioural syndromes	140
7.2.2 Objectivity	140
7.2.3 Labelling personality traits; construct validity	142
7.2.4 Objective and subjective measurements of personality	142
7.2.5 Modern terminology and statistical approaches	145
7.3 Proximate causation	146
7.4 Ontogeny and experience	149
7.5 Is personality adaptive?	150
7.5.1 Frequency- and density-dependent selection	150
7.5.2 State-dependent models	151
7.6 Evolution	153
7.7 Wider implications	155
7.7.1 Fish production and reproduction	155
7.7.2 Personality and population dynamics	155
7.8 Conclusions	156
Acknowledgements	157
References	157
8 The Role of Learning in Fish Orientation	166
8.1 Introduction	166
8.2 Why keep track of location?	166
8.3 The use of learning and memory in orientation	167
8.4 Learning about landmarks	168
8.5 Compass orientation	171
8.6 Water movements	172
8.7 Inertial guidance and internal ‘clocks’	173
8.8 Social cues	174
8.9 How flexible is orientation behaviour?	174
8.9.1 When to learn?	174
8.9.2 What to learn?	175
8.9.3 Spatial learning capacity	176
8.10 Salmon homing – a case study	177
8.11 Conclusion	179
Acknowledgements	179
References	180
9 Social Recognition of Conspecifics	186
9.1 Introduction	186
9.2 Recognition of familiars	186
9.2.1 Laboratory studies of familiarity	187
9.2.2 Mechanisms of familiarity recognition	187
9.2.3 Functions of associating with familiar fish	191
9.2.4 Familiarity in free-ranging fishes	194
9.2.5 Determinants of familiarity	195
9.3 Familiarity or kin recognition?	196
9.3.1 Kin recognition theory	196
9.3.2 Evidence for kin recognition from laboratory studies	200
9.3.3 Advantages of kin discrimination	201
9.3.4 Kin association in the wild	201
9.3.5 Explaining the discrepancies between laboratory and field	203
9.3.6 Kin avoidance	205
9.4 Conclusion	206
References	207
10 Social Organisation and Information Transfer in Schooling Fish	217
10.1 Introduction	217
10.2 Collective motion	218
10.3 Emergent collective motion in the absence of external stimuli	219
10.4 Response to internal state and external stimuli: Information processing within schools	220
10.4.1 Collective response to predators	220
10.4.2 Mechanisms and feedback in information transfer	222
10.4.3 Information transfer during group foraging and migration	225
10.5 Informational status, leadership and collective decision-making in fish schools	225
10.6 The structure of fish schools and populations	227
10.7 Social networks and individual identities	229
10.8 Community structure in social networks	232
10.9 Conclusions and future directions	233
Acknowledgements	234
References	234
11 Social Learning in Fishes	240
11.1 Introduction	240
11.2 Antipredator behaviour	241
11.3 Migration and orientation	244
11.4 Foraging	247
11.5 Mate choice	248
11.6 Aggression	249
11.7 Trade-offs in reliance on social and asocial sources of information	250
11.8 Concluding remarks	252
Acknowledgements	252
References	252
12 Cooperation and Cognition in Fishes	258
12.1 Introduction	258
12.2 Why study cooperation in fishes?	259
12.3 Cooperation and its categories	261
12.3.1 Category 1 – kin selection	261
12.3.1.1 Cognition and kin selection	261
12.3.1.2 Example of kin selected cooperation: Cooperative breeding	262
12.3.1.3 Example of kin selected cooperation: Conditional territory defence	262
12.3.2 Category 2 – reciprocity	263
12.3.2.1 Cognition and reciprocity	264
12.3.2.2 Example of reciprocity: Egg trading	265
12.3.2.3 Example of reciprocity: Predator inspection	266
12.3.2.4 Example of reciprocity: Interspecific cleaning behaviour	267
12.3.3 Category 3 – by-product mutualism	268
12.3.3.1 Cognition and by-product mutualism	268
12.3.3.2 Example of by-product mutualism: Cooperative foraging	269
12.3.4 Category 4 – trait group selection	270
12.3.4.1 Cognition and trait group selection	270
12.3.4.2 Example of trait group selected cooperation: Predator inspection	270
12.4 Conclusion	271
Acknowledgements	272
References	272
13 Machiavellian Intelligence in Fishes	277
13.1 Introduction	277
13.2 Evidence for functional aspects of Machiavellian intelligence	279
13.2.1 Information gathering about relationships between other group members	279
13.2.2 Predator inspection	280
13.2.3 Group-living cichlids	281
13.2.4 Machiavellian intelligence in cleaning mutualisms	283
13.2.4.1 Categorisation and individual recognition of clients	283
13.2.4.2 Building up relationships between cleaners and resident clients	284
13.2.4.3 Use of tactile stimulation by cleaners to manipulate client decisions and reconcile after conflicts	284
13.2.4.4 Audience effects in response to image scoring and tactical deception	285
13.2.4.5 Punishment by males during pair inspections	285
13.3 Evidence for cognitive mechanisms in fishes	286
13.3.1 What cognitive abilities might cleaners need to deal with their clients?	286
13.3.2 Other cognitive mechanisms	287
13.4 Discussion	288
13.4.1 Future avenues I: How Machiavellian is fish behaviour?	289
13.4.2 Future avenues II: Relating Machiavellian-type behaviour to brain size evolution	290
13.4.3 Extending the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis to general social intelligence	291
Acknowledgements	291
References	291
14 Lateralization of Cognitive Functions in Fish	298
14.1 Introduction	298
14.2 Lateralized functions in fish	300
14.2.1 Antipredator behavior	300
14.2.1.1 Predator inspection	301
14.2.1.2 Predator evasion	302
14.2.1.3 Fast escape response	303
14.2.2 Mating behavior	304
14.2.3 Aggression	304
14.2.4 Shoaling and social recognition	304
14.2.5 Foraging behavior	306
14.2.6 Exploration and response to novelty	306
14.2.7 Homing and spatial abilities	307
14.2.8 Communication	307
14.3 Individual differences in lateralization	308
14.3.1 Hereditary basis of lateralization	308
14.3.2 Sex differences in lateralization	309
14.3.3 Environmental factors influencing development of lateralization	310
14.3.4 Lateralization and personality	311
14.4 Ecological consequences of lateralization of cognitive functions	312
14.4.1 Selective advantages of cerebral lateralization	312
14.4.2 Costs of cerebral lateralization	314
14.4.3 Maintenance of intraspecific variability in the degree of lateralization	316
14.4.4 Evolutionary significance of population biases in laterality	316
14.5 Summary and future research	317
Acknowledgements	318
References	319
15 Brain and Cognition in Teleost Fish	325
15.1 Introduction	325
15.2 Classical conditioning	327
15.2.1 Delay motor classical conditioning and teleost fish cerebellum	328
15.2.2 Role of the teleost cerebellum and telencephalic pallium in trace motor classical conditioning	330
15.3 Emotional learning	331
15.3.1 Role of the medial pallium in avoidance conditioning and taste aversion learning	332
15.3.2 Teleost cerebellum and fear conditioning	334
15.4 Spatial cognition	336
15.4.1 Allocentric spatial memory representations in teleost fishes	337
15.4.2 Role of the teleost telencephalon in egocentric and allocentric spatial navigation	340
15.4.3 Map-like memories and hippocampal pallium in teleost fishes	345
15.4.4 Neural mechanisms for egocentric spatial orientation	347
15.5 Concluding remarks	349
Acknowledgements	350
References	350
16 Fish Behaviour, Learning, Aquaculture and Fisheries	359
16.1 Fish learning skills in the human world	359
16.2 Fisheries	362
16.2.1 Spatial dynamics	362
16.2.1.1 Learning skills and movement	362
16.2.1.2 Social learning of migration pattern	363
16.2.1.3 Implications of learning for fisheries management	366
16.2.2 Fish capture	367
16.2.2.1 Natural variations in spatial distribution and behaviour	369
16.2.2.2 Avoidance and attraction before fishing	369
16.2.2.3 Before physical contact with the gear	369
16.2.2.4 After physical contact with the gear	371
16.2.2.5 Behaviour after escaping the gear and long-term consequences	372
16.2.3 Abundance estimation	374
16.3 Aquaculture	375
16.3.1 Ontogeny	375
16.3.2 Habituation, conditioning and anticipation	376
16.3.3 Pavlovian learning – delay and trace conditioning	378
16.3.4 Potential use of reward conditioning in aquaculture	379
16.3.5 Operant learning	382
16.3.6 Individual decisions and collective behaviour	383
16.4 Stock enhancement and sea-ranching	384
16.5 Escapees from aquaculture	388
16.6 Capture-based aquaculture	389
16.7 Conclusions and perspectives	389
Acknowledgements	391
References	391
17 Cognition and Welfare	405
17.1 Introduction	405
17.1.1 Fish welfare	406
17.1.2 Preference and avoidance testing	407
17.1.3 Behavioural flexibility and intraspecific variation	408
17.2 What is welfare?	408
17.2.1 Sentience and consciousness	409
17.2.2 Cognition and welfare	410
17.3 What fishes want	410
17.3.1 Preference tests	411
17.3.1.1 Physical habitat	411
17.3.1.2 Breeding	413
17.3.1.3 Diet	413
17.3.1.4 Social interactions	414
17.4 What fishes do not want	416
17.5 Pain and fear in fish	417
17.6 Personality in fish	420
17.7 Wider implications for the use of fish	420
17.7.1 Aquaculture	421
17.7.2 Fisheries	425
17.7.3 Recreational fishing	425
17.7.4 Research	426
17.7.5 Companion fish	427
17.8 Conclusion	427
Acknowledgements	429
References	429
Species List	435
Index	443