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Fish Diseases

Autor: Jeney, Galina

Cena s DPH: 2662 Kč

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Nakladatel	Academic Press
ISBN	9780128045640
Vydání
Vazba
Počet stran

Obsah

List of Contributors	xi
Preface	xiii
Part I Fish	3
1. Immunology: Improvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity	3
1.1 Introduction	3
1.2 Teleost Immunity	3
1.2.1 Innate Immunity	4
1.2.2 Adaptive Immunity	6
1.2.3 Immune Tissues in Fish	8
1.3 Effectors of the Immune Response	9
1.4 Improvement of the Immune Response	9
1.4.1 Vaccines	9
1.4.2 Immunostimulants	11
1.4.3 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics	11
1.4.4 Nucleotide Diets	13
1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future	13
Perspectives	13
References	14
2. Improvement of Disease Resistance by Genetic Methods	21
2.1 How to Assess Disease Resistance in Fish?	21
2.1.1 Which Traits Can Be Used to Score Disease Resistance at the Individual Level?	22
2.1.2 Testing for Resistance: Natural Outbreaks Versus Controlled Challenge Testing	22
2.2 Basic Genetic Principles	24
2.2.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Inheritance	24
2.2.2 Genetic Variation	24
2.2.3 Heritability	26
2.2.4 Inbreeding	26
2.2.5 Correlation Between Traits	26
2.3 Selective Breeding to Improve Resistance	26 2.3.1 General Processes in Relation to Diseases
2.3.2 Heritability of Disease Resistance and Survival Traits	30
2.3.3 Response to Selection for Survival and Disease Resistance	30
2.3.4 Combining Resistance to Diseases and Production Traits in Breeding Objectives	30
2.3.5 Resistance to Diseases in Selection Programs Worldwide	32
2.4 Application of New Biotechnologies	32
2.4.1 Measuring Variation in the Nucleotide Sequence of DNA	33
2.4.2 Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association	34
2.4.3 Gene Expression	41
2.4.4 Epigenetics	41
2.4.5 Marker-Assisted and Genomic Selection	41
2.5 Role of Selective Breeding in an Overall Health Improvement Strategy	42
2.5.1 Combining Different Health Management Strategies	43
2.5.2 Selection for Sustainable Resistances: Integrating New Facets of Host Response	43
2.6 Conclusion	44
References	45
Part II Pathogens	53
Diseases	53
3.1 Introduction	53
3.2 Host Specificity of Pathogens	53
3.3 Viral Pathogens	54
3.3.1 Virally Induced Host Behavioral Changes	54
3.3.2 Viral Shedding	54
3.3.3 The Carrier Status	56
3.3.4 Vectors	57
3.3.5 Predator-Prey Relationships	58
3.3.6 Modes of Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens Between Fish	59
3.3.7 Bacteria	59
3.3.8 Bacterial Pathogens	59
3.3.9 Methods of Bacterial Transmission	60
3.4 Transmission of Fungal Disease: The Water Molds	66
3.4.1 External "Fungal" Pathogens	66
3.4.2 Egg, Fry, and Larvae Infections	66
3.4.3 Shedding	67
3.4.4 Biofilms and Secondary Infection of Open Wounds	68
3.4.5 Internal Infections and Behavioral Changes	68
3.5 Parasite Transmission	68
3.5.1 Parasite-Induced Host Behavior Changes	69
3.5.2 Shedding	69
3.5.3 Predatory-Prey Relationships	70
3.5.4 Host-Seeking Behavior	71
3.5.5 Vectors	72
3.5.6 Sexually Transmitted Parasites	72
3.5.7 Hormonal Manipulation	73
3.6 Conclusion	73
References	74
4. Prophylactic and Prevention Methods Against Diseases in Aquaculture	81
4.1 Introduction	81
Methods	81
4.2.1 Quality Seeds	81
4.2.2 Culture Hygiene	82
4.2.3 Water Quality Parameters	83
4.2.4 Nutrition	83
4.2.5 Chemicals Used to Control Diseases	85
4.3 Biologics	87
4.3.1 Vaccines	87
4.3.2 Immunostimulants	91
4.3.3 Probiotics	104
4.4 Conclusions	106
Acknowledgment	106
References	106
5. Integrated Pathogen Management Strategies in Fish Farming	119
5.1 The Concept: What Are Integrated Pathogen Management Strategies and Why Does Aquaculture Need Them?	119
5.2 Diagnostic Tools, the Key for Identification and Monitoring of Pathogens	121
5.3 Modeling Disease Transmission and Risk Assessment	123
5.3.1 Risk Factors	123
5.3.2 Disease Modeling	125
5.4 Prevention Strategies in Fish Farming	126
5.4.1 Management of Environmental	126
5.4.2 Management of Host Risks	132
5.5 Treatment Strategies in Fish Farming	134
5.5.1 Chemical Control	134
5.5.2 Biological Control	135
5.5.3 Physical Control	137
5.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives	138
Abbreviations	139
Acknowledgment	139
References	139
Part III Environment	147
6. General Relationship Between Water Quality and Aquaculture Performance in Ponds	147
6.1 Introduction	147
Interactions	147
6.2.1 Stress	147
6.2.2 Toxicity	149
6.2.3 Optimum Ranges	149
6.2.4 Avoiding Diseases	149
6.3 Management and Water Quality	151
6.4 Water Quality-Related Stressors	153
6.4.1 Temperature and Salinity	153
6.4.2 pH	153
6.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen	154
6.4.4 Carbon Dioxide	154
6.4.5 Ammonia	155
6.4.6 Hydrogen Sulfide	156
6.4.8 Toxic Algae	157
6.4.7 Gas Supersaturation	159
6.4.9 lonic Imbalance	159
6.5 Water-Quality Management	159
6.5.1 Alkalinity and pH	160
6.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen	160
6.5.3 Nitrogenous Metabolites	161
6.5.4 Hydrogen Sulfide	162
6.5.5 Toxic Algae	162
6.5.6 Gas Supersaturation	163
6.5.7 lonic Imbalance	163
6.6 Conclusion	164
References	164
7. Water Quality-Disease Relationship on Commercial Fish Farms	167
7.1 Water Temperature	167
7.1.1 Etiology	167
7.1.2 Mechanism of Action	168
7.1.3 Clinical Symptoms	168
7.1.4 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms	169
7.1.5 Diagnosis	169
7.1.6 Prevention	169
7.2 Water pH	169
7.2.1 Etiology	169
7.2.2 Mechanism of Action and Toxicity	169
7.2.3 The Impact of Water pH on the Toxicity of Some Substances	171
7.2.4 Clinical Symptoms	171
7.2.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms	171
7.2.6 Diagnosis	171
7.2.7 Therapy	171
7.2.8 Prevention	171
7.3 Oxygen	172
7.3.1 Etiology and Mechanism of Action	172
7.3.2 The Impact of Dissolved Oxygen Level on the Toxicity of Selected Substances	172
7.3.3 Clinical Symptoms	172
7.3.4 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms	173
7.3.5 Diagnosis	173
7.3.6 Therapy	173
7.3.7 Prevention	173
7.4 Ammonia	173
7.4.1 Etiology	173
7.4.2 Mechanism of Action	174
7.4.3 Toxicity	177
7.4.4 Clinical Symptoms	177
7.4.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms	177
7.4.6 Diagnosis	178
7.4.7 Therapy	178
7.4.8 Prevention	178
7.5 Nitrite	178
7.5.1 Etiology	178
7.5.2 Mechanism of Action	178
7.5.3 Toxicity	179
7.5.4 Clinical Symptoms	180
7.5.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms	180
7.5.6 Diagnosis	180
7.5.7 Therapy	180
7.5.8 Prevention	180
7.6 Chlorine	180
7.6.1 Etiology	180
7.6.2 Mechanism of Action	181
7.6.3 Toxicity	181
7.6.4 Clinical Symptoms	182
7.6.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms	182
7.6.6 Diagnosis	182
7.6.7 Therapy	182
7.6.8 Prevention	182
Acknowledgments	182
References	182
8. Stress and Disease in Fish	187
8.1 Stress and Disease	187
8.1.1 What Is Stress? The Impact of Stress on Aquaculture	187
8.1.2 Physiological Effects and Relationship to Disease	188
8.1.3 Endocrine Control and Mediators	191
8.1.4 Gene Network and Regulation Linking the Immune System to Disease Resistance	193
8.1.5 Stress Management	208
8.1.6 Conclusions	209
Acknowledgment	210
References	210
9. Planning a Fish-Health Program	221
9.1 Introduction	221
9.1.1 Formulating a Fish-Health Management Plan at the Farm/ Facility Level	221
9.2 Fish Disease-Prevention Plan During the Facility Site Selection, Design, and Construction	221
9.2.1 Choosing an Optimal Site for an Aquaculture Facility Can Minimize Disease Outbreaks	221
9.2.2 Water Quality	222
9.2.3 Temperature	223
9.2.4 Facility Design	223
9.3 Fish Disease-Prevention Plan Prior to Operation	223
9.3.1 Training of Personnel	223
9.3.2 Fish Eggs	224
9.3.3 Food Source and Storage	225
9.3.4 Quarantine	225
9.3.5 Medicine Cabinet	226
Operation	226
9.4.1 Prophylactic Measures to Minimize Pathogen Introduction Through Gametes	227
9.4.2 Food, Nutrition, Immunostimulants, and Probiotics	228
9.4.3 Maintain an Optimum Environment	231
9.4.4 Disease-Prevention by Segregation and Logistical Planning	231
9.4.5 Fish Handling	232
9.4.6 Monitoring Fish for Disease Signs	232
9.4.7 Sedation and Anesthesia in Fish	232
9.5 Proper Specimen Collection for Diagnostic Purposes	233
9.5.1 Purpose of Investigation	233
9.5.2 Samples Needed	234
9.5.3 Sample Integrity	234
9.5.4 Available Resources	234
9.5.5 Consultation	234
9.5.6 Case History	234
9.6 Fish Transportation	236
9.6.1 Shipping Live Specimens	236
9.6.2 Shipping Fresh Fish Specimens on Ice	236
9.6.3 Frozen Specimens	236
9.7 Vaccination	236
9.8 Biosecurity	238
9.8.1 Minimizing Pathogen Introductions	238
9.8.2 Hygienic Practices to Minimize Pathogen Loads and Interrupt Their Transmission	239
of a Disease Outbreak	240
9.10 Formulating a Fish-Health Management Plan at the Regional/National and International Levels	243
9.10.1 National, Regional, and International Efforts to Control Pathogen Transfer	243
9.10.2 Components of a Fish-Health Plan at the National and International Levels	244
9.10.3 Disease Surveillance	245
9.10.4 Certification	245
9.10.5 Zoning	245
9.10.6 Risk Assessment	245
9.10.7 Quarantine	245
9.11 Conclusion	246
References	246
10. Aquatic Animal Health and the Environmental Impacts	249
10.1 Introduction	249
10.2 Natural Resource Use	250
10.2.1 Land	250
10.2.2 Water	251
10.2.3 Energy	252
10.2.4 Embodied Natural Resources	253
10.3 Disease Transfer	254
10.4 Chemical Use	255
10.4.1 Fertilizers	255
10.4.2 Antibiotics	255
10.4.3 Insecticides	256
10.4.4 Herbicides	256
10.4.5 Other Chemicals	256
10.5 Conclusion	257
References	258
Index	261