Internetové knihkupectví s veterinární tématikou
Dva celosvětoví odborníci sestavili publikaci, která reaguje na změny v oboru prohlídky masa. V publikaci jsou popsány nové směry v tomto oboru, který neustále zdokonaluje systém kontrol a bezpečnosti potravin živočišného původu. V nové aktualizované již jedenáctém vydání (poslední vydání vyšlo v minulém století v roce 1999) jsou aktualizovány kapitoly týkající se nemocí zvířat, mikrobiologie a patologie z pohledu veterinárních inspektorů na porážkách.
Široké odborné veřejnosti se dostává do rukou excelentně zpracovaná publikace zabývající se hygienou masa s ohledem na nejnovější světové trendy v tomto oboru. Publikace je rozdělena do čtrnácti oddílů. V prvním oddíle se autoři zabývají jatečnými zvířaty, jako je skot, ovce, prasata, kozy, drůbež, králíci a farmová zvěř. U skotu a prasat jsou dále informace zaměřeny na plemenitbu, systémy produkce a odchovu. Druhá kapitola je věnována anatomii zvířat z pohledu prohlídky masa. Třetí kapitola popisuje porážecí zařízení od ustájení po speciální vybavení tzv. „továren na maso“ s ohledem na nejnovější požadavky platné legislativy Evropské unie. Ve čtvrté kapitole jsou popsány způsoby skladování a ochrany masa. Poznatky z dezinfekce a sanitace potravinářských prostor jsou shrnuty v páté kapitole. Šestá kapitola má krásný název „od farmy po jatka“ zahrnující problematiku výkrmu, pohody zvířat, veterinární péče v chovech, transport zvířat na jatky, ztráty způsobené stressem při transportu a před poražením. V sedmá kapitole jsou popsány způsoby humánního porážení jatečných zvířat dle druhu zvířat. V následující kapitole autoři uvádějí zásady správné hygienické praxe při opracování jatečných zvířat. V osmé kapitole jsou rozepsány nálezy při prohlídce jatečných zvířat před porážkou, ale i po porážce se systematickým a logickým rozčleněním dle pato-anatomických nálezů. Přínosné jsou kapitoly věnované systému kontroly kritických bodů (dále je systémy HACCP) s ohledem na jatečné opracování. Drůbeží porážkou se zabývá celá desátá kapitola, na kterou navazuje kapitola o specifických porážkách, jako jsou například porážky farmových zvířat. Ve dvanácté kapitole naleznou základní informace specialisté oboru mikrobiologie a toxikologie. V rozsahu deseti stran je stručně a přehledně popsána problematika reziduí cizorodých látek v mase. Poslední kapitole je stručný seznam platné evropské legislativy a zoonóz. Autoři v této publikaci vytvořili stručnou a přehlednou publikaci v oboru veterinární hygieny masa a zajisté se stane inspirujícím zdrojem informací pro výkon státního veterinárního dozoru.
Autor: David S Collins, MVB, DVPH(MH), MRCVS Formally City Veterinarian for Belfast, he has served as a Member of Northern Ireland Food Standards Advisory Committee as well as on the Meat Hygiene Advisory Committee of the UK Food Standards Agency.His work has involved forensic investigation for the Ministry of Defence and insurance companies, advising veterinary pharmaceutical companies regarding adverse reactions, product registration and clinical trials, and advising the government on animal experimentation including clinical trials for veterinary pharmaceuticals. He is a former Chief Examiner for the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in Veterinary Public Health, and was Consultant Editor for Northern Ireland Veterinary Today. Robert J Huey, TD, MVB, DVPH(MH), MRCVS Robert is Chief Veterinary Officer in the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Northern Ireland (DARDNI) veterinary service. He is currently Vice-President of the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, and a past President of the Union of European Veterinary Hygienists. He is also a former President of the Veterinary Public Health Association, and was Senior Examiner in Veterinary Public Health for the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1998-2010.
Nakladatel | Wiley-Blackwell |
---|---|
ISBN | 9781118650028 |
Vydání | XI. vydání 2015 |
Vazba | pevná |
Počet stran | 329 |
Gracey’s Meat Hygiene, Eleventh Edition is the definitive reference for veterinarians working in meat hygiene control. This new edition of a classic text reflects the recent significant changes in science, legislation and practical implementation of meat hygiene controls in the UK, Europe and worldwide since the 10th edition was published in 1999. An excellent practical guide for teaching food hygiene to veterinary students worldwide, in addition to laying the foundations of food animal anatomy, pathology and disease. New chapters address the increased concern of both the public and inspectors to issues of animal welfare and recognise the role of the profession, and interest from the consumer, in environmental protection.
Key features include:
· Fully updated new edition, in a refreshed design with colour photographs and illustrations throughout.
· Includes new content on meat hygiene inspection covering the components of an integrated food safety management system as well as animal health and welfare controls in the ‘farm to fork’ system.
· A practical approach to health and safety in meat processing is outlined by identifying the hazards and then describing how these can best be controlled.
· With contributions from veterinary and industry experts, this edition is both a valuable teaching aid and a practical reference for veterinarians and all food business operators and their staff.
practical implementation of meat hygiene controls in the UK, Europe and worldwide since the 10th edition was published in 1999. An excellent practical guide for teaching food hygiene to veterinary students worldwide, in addition to laying the foundations of food animal anatomy, pathology and disease. New chapters address the increased concern of both the public and inspectors to issues of animal welfare and recognise the role of the profession, and interest from the consumer, in environmental protection.
Key features include:
· Fully updated new edition, in a refreshed design with colour photographs and illustrations throughout.
· Includes new content on meat hygiene inspection covering the components of an integrated food safety management system as well as animal health and welfare controls in the ‘farm to fork’ system.
· A practical approach to health and safety in meat processing is outlined by identifying the hazards and then describing how these can best be controlled.
· With contributions from veterinary and industry experts, this edition is both a valuable teaching aid and a practical reference for veterinarians and all food business operators and their staff.
Contributors | xi |
Preface | xiii |
Acknowledgements | xv |
1 The food animals | 1 |
Dietary factors | 2 |
World livestock production | 3 |
UK meat plants and throughputs | 4 |
Cattle | 4 |
Breeds | 4 |
Systems of beef production | 6 |
Growth promoters | 7 |
Definitions | 7 |
Sheep | 7 |
Definitions | 9 |
Pigs | 10 |
Pig breeds | 10 |
Pig breeds in the United Kingdom | 11 |
Pig production | 11 |
Pig meat production | 13 |
Glossary of terms | 13 |
Additional facts | 13 |
Goats | 13 |
Poultry | 14 |
Definitions | 14 |
Rabbits | 15 |
Deer | 16 |
Handling of deer | 17 |
References | 17 |
Further reading | 17 |
Form animal welfare council | 17 |
2 Anatomy | 19 |
Descriptive terms | 19 |
Osteology and arthrology | 19 |
Bones | 19 |
Digestive system | 21 |
Tongue | 21 |
Stomach | 22 |
Mucous membranes | 22 |
Intestines | 23 |
Liver | 24 |
Pancreas (gut sweetbread) | 25 |
Respiratory system | 26 |
Lungs | 26 |
Pluck | 26 |
Circulatory system (heart, arteries, capillaries and veins) | 26 |
Heart | 26 |
Portal circulation | 27 |
Spleen (melt) | 27 |
Lymphatic system | 28 |
Haemal lymph nodes | 28 |
Lymph nodes of the ox | 29 |
Nodes of the head and neck | 30 |
Nodes of the chest and forequarter | 30 |
Nodes of the abdomen and hindquarter | 31 |
Lymph nodes of the pig | 33 |
Head and neck | 33 |
Other nodes | 33 |
Urogenital system | 34 |
Urinary organs | 34 |
Genital organs | 34 |
Kidney | 34 |
Reproductive system | 34 |
Uterus | 34 |
Udder | 36 |
Endocrine system | 36 |
Thymus | 36 |
Adrenal (suprarenal) bodies | 36 |
Testicles (testes) | 37 |
Collection and yield of glands | 37 |
Skin | 37 |
Horns | 37 |
Muscular system | 37 |
Connective tissue | 38 |
Fat | 38 |
Determination of age by dentition | 38 |
Teeth | 38 |
Determination of sex | 39 |
Cattle | 39 |
Sheep | 40 |
Pigs | 41 |
Horse and ox differentiation | 41 |
Debasement of food (adulteration and substitution) | 41 |
Food tampering | 43 |
References | 43 |
Further reading | 43 |
3 Meat establishment construction and equipment | 45 |
Site | 45 |
Environmental statement | 45 |
Submission of plans | 46 |
Area size | 46 |
Facilities | 47 |
Equipment design | 50 |
Pest control | 51 |
Small abattoir units | 51 |
Lairage | 52 |
Cattle lairage | 52 |
Sheep lairage | 52 |
Pig lairage | 52 |
Deer lairage | 53 |
Clipping or cleaning of livestock | 53 |
Manure disposal | 53 |
Slaughterhall | 53 |
Stunning area | 53 |
Bleeding area | 54 |
Cattle carcase dressing | 54 |
On-the-rail dressing | 55 |
Sheep slaughterhall | 56 |
Pig slaughterhall | 57 |
Singeing and scraping | 58 |
Refrigeration accommodation | 58 |
Detained meat room | 59 |
Condemned meat room | 60 |
Hide and skin store | 60 |
Gut and tripe room | 60 |
Red offal room | 60 |
The edible fat room | 61 |
Cutting rooms | 61 |
Equipment wash | 61 |
Fresh meat dispatch area | 61 |
Vehicle washing | 62 |
General amenities for personnel | 62 |
Veterinary office | 62 |
Treatment of effluent | 62 |
Pollution parameters | 63 |
Treatment | 63 |
Preliminary treatment: Screening, solids and grit removal | 63 |
Secondary treatment | 64 |
Further reading | 65 |
4 Preservation of meat | 67 |
Physical changes in stored meat | 67 |
Chemical changes in stored meat | 68 |
Water activity or water availability (aw ) | 68 |
Meat curing | 68 |
Salt | 68 |
Ingredients used in curing | 69 |
Production of bacon and ham | 69 |
Cutting | 70 |
Application of the pickle | 70 |
Production of cooked hams | 71 |
Traditional dry-cured bacon | 71 |
Alternative dry cure | 71 |
Smoking | 71 |
Common defects in cured meat | 71 |
Micro-organisms on cured product | 72 |
Refrigeration | 72 |
Mechanical refrigeration | 72 |
Chilling of meat | 73 |
Freezing of meat | 75 |
Freeze-drying or lyophilisation | 76 |
Storage of fresh meat | 76 |
Vacuum packing | 76 |
Modified atmosphere packing | 76 |
Refrigerated meat transport and storage | 76 |
Changes in frozen meat | 77 |
Weeping or drip | 77 |
Durability of frozen meat | 78 |
Effect of freezing on pathogenic micro-organisms and parasites | 78 |
Heat: Thermal processing | 78 |
Traditional canning methodology | 79 |
Treatment of food to be canned | 79 |
Canning operations | 80 |
Canning of meats | 82 |
Foods packed in glass | 82 |
Spoilage in canned foods | 82 |
Types of spoilage | 83 |
The public health aspect of canned foods | 85 |
Other methods of meat preservation | 86 |
Antioxidants | 86 |
Preservatives | 86 |
Irradiation | 86 |
Infrared radiation | 86 |
Ultraviolet radiation | 86 |
Ionising radiation | 86 |
High pressure | 87 |
References | 87 |
Further reading | 88 |
5 Plant sanitation | 89 |
Reasons for cleaning and disinfecting plant | 89 |
Scotoma effect or factory-blindness | 90 |
The chemistry of cleaning | 90 |
The soil | 91 |
The substrate: Materials of construction | 91 |
Energies of cleaning | 92 |
Chemical and physical reactions of cleaning | 92 |
Detergents: Design and choice | 95 |
Principles of disinfection | 95 |
Biocidal active components | 95 |
Disinfectants: Design and choice | 97 |
Hygiene equipment and application methods | 97 |
Manual cleaning | 98 |
Foam cleaning | 98 |
Foam and disinfectant application equipment | 98 |
Gels | 99 |
Spray | 100 |
Fogging | 100 |
Knife and cutting tool disinfection during processing | 100 |
Machine washing | 102 |
Cleaning-in-place (CIP) | 102 |
Rinse systems | 104 |
Contamination and re-contamination | 105 |
Air | 105 |
Water | 106 |
People | 106 |
Surfaces | 106 |
Cleaning procedures | 106 |
The cleaning sequence | 106 |
Monitoring of hygiene | 108 |
Training | 110 |
Safety | 110 |
Effluent and external odour control | 110 |
Conclusion | 111 |
Note | 111 |
References | 112 |
6 From farm to slaughter | 113 |
Production of clean, healthy livestock | 113 |
Clean livestock | 115 |
Healthy livestock | 117 |
Safe use of animal medicines | 117 |
Safe disposal of animal waste | 117 |
Animal welfare on the farm | 119 |
Assessment of an animal s welfare | 119 |
Transportation of livestock | 122 |
Loading and unloading | 122 |
The journey to slaughter | 123 |
EU transport legislation | 123 |
Protection during transport | 123 |
Means of transport | 123 |
Space allowances | 123 |
Duties of transporters | 123 |
Feed, water and rest periods | 123 |
Treatment of sick animals | 124 |
Travel documentation | 124 |
Loss of weight during transport | 124 |
Transport mortality | 125 |
Lairage construction | 126 |
Animal husbandry in the lairage | 127 |
Moving animals within the lairage | 127 |
Social stress | 128 |
Watering | 128 |
Fasting | 128 |
Resting of animals prior to slaughter | 129 |
Pre-slaughter handling and meat quality | 129 |
Stress and the animal | 129 |
Stress and meat quality | 130 |
Pre-slaughter feeding of sugars | 131 |
Traumatic injury | 131 |
Time of bruising | 131 |
Rough handling | 132 |
Presence of horns | 132 |
Temperament | 132 |
Stunning box design | 132 |
Mixing of animals | 133 |
Breed | 133 |
Incentives and education | 133 |
References | 133 |
Further reading | 134 |
7 Humane slaughter | 135 |
Pre-slaughter handling/restraint | 136 |
Cattle movement and restraint | 136 |
Pig movement and restraint | 137 |
The slaughtering process | 137 |
Assessment of unconsciousness at slaughter | 137 |
Methods of stunning | 138 |
Percussive stunning | 138 |
Head sites for percussive stunning | 140 |
Water jet stunning | 142 |
Carbon dioxide and other gas mixtures | 142 |
Electrical stunning | 144 |
Effect of stunning on meat quality | 146 |
Slaughter of minor species | 146 |
Slaughter of deer | 146 |
Slaughter of ostriches | 147 |
Slaughter of rabbits | 147 |
Other methods of slaughter | 147 |
Slaughter of poultry | 148 |
Electrical stunning of poultry | 148 |
Assessment of unconsciousness in electrical water bath stunned poultry | 149 |
Stunning/killing poultry with controlled atmospheres | 149 |
Percussive stunning of poultry | 150 |
Other methods of slaughter | 150 |
Effects of stunning on poultry meat quality | 150 |
Pithing | 150 |
Bleeding | 151 |
Cattle | 151 |
Sheep | 151 |
Pigs | 152 |
Efficiency of bleeding | 153 |
Slaughter without pre-stunning | 153 |
Shechita Jewish religious slaughter | 153 |
Muslim methods of slaughter | 156 |
Slaughter of poultry without stunning | 157 |
References | 157 |
Further reading | 158 |
8 Meat hygiene practice | 159 |
Meat and animal by-products | 159 |
Hygienic production | 159 |
Sources of contamination | 159 |
Outer integument hide, hair, fleece or skin | 159 |
Gastrointestinal tract | 160 |
Stunning and sticking | 160 |
Physical contact with structures | 160 |
Operatives | 160 |
Equipment and utensils | 161 |
The slaughter hall environment | 161 |
Vermin and pests | 161 |
Chemical contamination | 162 |
Methods of reducing contamination | 162 |
Dealing with the dirty animal | 162 |
Clipping cattle on line | 163 |
Protecting the meat from the worker | 163 |
Good hygiene practice | 165 |
Layout and flow lines | 167 |
Dressing techniques Removal of hide/fleece/hair | 167 |
Preventing contamination from the gastrointestinal tract | 170 |
Post-slaughter decontamination | 172 |
Water | 172 |
Trimming | 173 |
Chemical treatments | 173 |
Bacteriophages | 174 |
Ultraviolet and pulsed high-intensity light | 174 |
Outputs of the slaughterhouse | 174 |
Treatment of edible co-products | 175 |
Fats | 175 |
Edible fat rendering | 176 |
Stomach and intestines | 176 |
Bones | 177 |
Hides and skins | 177 |
Animal by-products | 178 |
Category 1 | 178 |
Category 2 | 179 |
Category 3 (can be used for pet food) | 180 |
Materials for technical uses | 181 |
Hygiene requirements for animal by-product processingestablishments | 183 |
Rendering processes | 183 |
References | 184 |
9 Meat inspection protocols | 185 |
The case for change | 185 |
The holistic approach | 187 |
Integrated Food Safety Assurance | 187 |
Farm to fork | 187 |
Food chain information | 187 |
Ante-mortem inspection | 188 |
Ante-mortem inspection procedure in the slaughter establishment | 189 |
Practical ante-mortem procedure | 190 |
Emergency slaughter animals | 191 |
Emergency slaughter: The decision on farm | 191 |
Emergency slaughter: The decision at the slaughter establishment | 192 |
Post-mortem inspection | 192 |
Facilities for post-mortem inspection | 192 |
Carcase identification and traceability | 193 |
Traditional post-mortem inspection | 194 |
Traditional post-mortem inspection of cattle | 194 |
Traditional post-mortem inspection of calves | 196 |
Traditional post-mortem inspection of sheep and goats | 196 |
Traditional post-mortem inspection of pigs | 196 |
Traditional post-mortem inspection of equines | 197 |
Traditional post-mortem inspection of poultry | 197 |
Decisions at post-mortem examination | 198 |
Common post-mortem findings | 203 |
Abscesses | 203 |
Omphalophlebitis | 204 |
Arthritis | 204 |
Oedema | 204 |
Pneumonia and pleurisy | 205 |
Endocarditis | 206 |
Pericarditis | 207 |
Pyelonephritis | 207 |
Bruising | 208 |
Pigmentation | 208 |
Haematogenous pigments | 209 |
Bile pigments | 209 |
Porphyrin | 210 |
Lipofuscin ( wear-and-tear pigment , pigment ofbrown atrophy, lipochrome, haemofuscin) | 211 |
Xanthosis (xanthomatosis, osteohaematochromatosis, brownatrophy) | 211 |
Tumours | 211 |
Classes of tumours | 212 |
Causes of tumours | 212 |
Effect on host | 212 |
Nomenclature of neoplasms | 212 |
Judgement of neoplasia | 213 |
Poor condition/emaciation | 213 |
Contamination | 215 |
Parasitic conditions | 215 |
Ascaris suum | 215 |
Echinococcus granulosus: Hydatidosis and hydatid cyst | 215 |
Taenia hydatigena (known as Cysticercus tenuicollis in larvalstage) | 216 |
Taenia ovis (previously known as Cysticercus ovis) | 216 |
Fasciola hepatica: Liver fluke | 216 |
Paramphistomiasis | 216 |
Sarcocystis | 216 |
Courses of action | 217 |
Utilisation of post-mortem data | 218 |
Control of hygienic production | 218 |
Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) | 219 |
Implementation of an HACCP system | 219 |
Worldwide food safety standards | 221 |
References | 222 |
Further reading | 222 |
10 Poultry production, slaughter and inspection | 223 |
Production of poultry | 223 |
Poultry feedingstuffs | 225 |
Poultry flock health | 226 |
Catching and crating | 226 |
Reception and unloading | 227 |
Pre-slaughter inspection | 228 |
Shackling | 228 |
Stunning and slaughter | 229 |
Scalding and defeathering | 230 |
Defeathering | 231 |
Evisceration | 232 |
Chilling | 235 |
Ante-mortem health inspection | 237 |
Post-mortem inspection in the plant | 240 |
Decision of the official veterinarian at the post-morteminspection | 241 |
General contamination | 242 |
Guidelines on trimming poultry | 242 |
Coliform infections | 243 |
Salmonellosis | 243 |
Campylobacteriosis | 244 |
Chlamydiosis (psittacosis/ornithosis) | 245 |
Miscellaneous conditions | 245 |
Dead on arrival | 245 |
Bruising and fractures | 245 |
Breast blisters and hock burn | 246 |
Ascites | 246 |
Slaughter liver or cholangiohepatitis | 246 |
Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) | 246 |
Vices | 246 |
Contamination | 247 |
Decomposition | 247 |
Barking | 247 |
Diseases of the female reproductive system | 247 |
Oregon disease | 247 |
Over-scald | 247 |
Fevered carcases | 247 |
Septicaemia | 247 |
Insufficient bleeding | 247 |
Emaciation | 247 |
Viscera absent | 247 |
References | 248 |
Further reading | 248 |
11 Exotic meat production | 249 |
Rabbits | 249 |
Slaughter | 249 |
Inspection | 250 |
Post-mortem judgements in rabbit meat inspection | 250 |
Zoonoses | 251 |
Guidelines on contamination, missing viscera and trimming | 252 |
Farmed deer | 252 |
Handling and slaughter | 252 |
Park deer | 254 |
Wild deer | 254 |
Killing | 254 |
Ostriches | 255 |
Restraint | 256 |
Stunning | 256 |
Dressing | 256 |
Changes after slaughter | 257 |
Commercial squab production | 257 |
Further reading | 257 |
12 Food poisoning and meat microbiology | 259 |
Part 1: Food poisoning | 259 |
Types of food poisoning | 259 |
Surveillance of food poisoning | 259 |
Laboratory reports of enteric infections | 260 |
Outbreak surveillance | 261 |
General considerations | 261 |
Food-borne pathogens | 261 |
Part 2: Meat microbiology | 267 |
Bacteriological examination of carcases | 267 |
Part 3: Meat decomposition and spoilage | 271 |
Assessment of decomposition | 277 |
Further reading | 278 |
13 Controls on veterinary drug residues in the European Union | 279 |
Legal framework | 279 |
Licensed veterinary medicines | 279 |
Hormones and Agonists | 280 |
Prohibited compounds | 280 |
Unauthorised and unlicensed compounds | 281 |
Regulatory limits: MRLs, MRPLs and RPAs | 281 |
The National Residue Control Plan in EU member states | 282 |
Compound groups | 282 |
Sampling levels for each species | 282 |
Relationship between species and substance to be analysed | 283 |
Testing procedures and performance characteristics | 284 |
Testing procedures | 284 |
CC and CC | 285 |
Sampling of imported food | 285 |
Legal basis for sampling of imports from third countries | 285 |
Frequency of sampling of imports from third countries | 285 |
Interpretation of non-compliant results | 285 |
The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) | 285 |
Legal basis and description of the RASFF | 285 |
RASFF notification types | 286 |
Notification basis | 286 |
Action taken | 286 |
Distribution status | 286 |
Actions taken following infringements | 286 |
Analytical methods: Technical aspects | 287 |
Method specificity | 287 |
Performance characteristics | 288 |
Method validation | 288 |
Proficiency testing | 289 |
References | 289 |
14 Health and safety in meat processing | 291 |
Accident statistics | 291 |
UK legislation | 291 |
General duties | 292 |
Key topics requiring risk assessment | 293 |
Being struck by hand tools including knives | 293 |
Musculoskeletal disorders | 294 |
Slips, trips and falls | 298 |
Contact with machinery | 298 |
Transport | 301 |
Falls from a height | 301 |
Substances/microorganisms | 302 |
Zoonoses | 303 |
Specific control measures for zoonoses | 303 |
Animals | 310 |
Noise | 310 |
Cold environment | 311 |
General requirements | 312 |
References | 316 |
Index | 319 |