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Graceys Meat hygiene

Stručný popis

Dva celosvětoví odborníci sestavili publikaci, která reaguje na změny v oboru prohlídky masa. V publikaci jsou popsány nové směry v tomto oboru, který neustále zdokonaluje systém kontrol a bezpečnosti potravin živočišného původu. V nové aktualizované již jedenáctém vydání (poslední vydání vyšlo v minulém století v roce 1999) jsou aktualizovány kapitoly týkající se nemocí zvířat, mikrobiologie a patologie z pohledu veterinárních inspektorů na porážkách.
Široké odborné veřejnosti se dostává do rukou excelentně zpracovaná publikace zabývající se hygienou masa s ohledem na nejnovější světové trendy v tomto oboru. Publikace je rozdělena do čtrnácti oddílů. V prvním oddíle se autoři zabývají jatečnými zvířaty, jako je skot, ovce, prasata, kozy, drůbež, králíci a farmová zvěř. U skotu a prasat jsou dále informace zaměřeny na plemenitbu, systémy produkce a odchovu. Druhá kapitola je věnována anatomii zvířat z pohledu prohlídky masa. Třetí kapitola popisuje porážecí zařízení od ustájení po speciální vybavení tzv. „továren na maso“ s ohledem na nejnovější požadavky platné legislativy Evropské unie. Ve čtvrté kapitole jsou popsány způsoby skladování a ochrany masa. Poznatky z dezinfekce a sanitace potravinářských prostor jsou shrnuty v páté kapitole. Šestá kapitola má krásný název „od farmy po jatka“ zahrnující problematiku výkrmu, pohody zvířat, veterinární péče v chovech, transport zvířat na jatky, ztráty způsobené stressem při transportu a před poražením. V sedmá kapitole jsou popsány způsoby humánního porážení jatečných zvířat dle druhu zvířat. V následující kapitole autoři uvádějí zásady správné hygienické praxe při opracování jatečných zvířat. V osmé kapitole jsou rozepsány nálezy při prohlídce jatečných zvířat před porážkou, ale i po porážce se systematickým a logickým rozčleněním dle pato-anatomických nálezů. Přínosné jsou kapitoly věnované systému kontroly kritických bodů (dále je systémy HACCP) s ohledem na jatečné opracování. Drůbeží porážkou se zabývá celá desátá kapitola, na kterou navazuje kapitola o specifických porážkách, jako jsou například porážky farmových zvířat. Ve dvanácté kapitole naleznou základní informace specialisté oboru mikrobiologie a toxikologie. V rozsahu deseti stran je stručně a přehledně popsána problematika reziduí cizorodých látek v mase. Poslední kapitole je stručný seznam platné evropské legislativy a zoonóz. Autoři v této publikaci vytvořili stručnou a přehlednou publikaci v oboru veterinární hygieny masa a zajisté se stane inspirujícím zdrojem informací pro výkon státního veterinárního dozoru.

Autor: David S Collins, MVB, DVPH(MH), MRCVS Formally City Veterinarian for Belfast, he has served as a Member of Northern Ireland Food Standards Advisory Committee as well as on the Meat Hygiene Advisory Committee of the UK Food Standards Agency.His work has involved forensic investigation for the Ministry of Defence and insurance companies, advising veterinary pharmaceutical companies regarding adverse reactions, product registration and clinical trials, and advising the government on animal experimentation including clinical trials for veterinary pharmaceuticals. He is a former Chief Examiner for the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in Veterinary Public Health, and was Consultant Editor for Northern Ireland Veterinary Today. Robert J Huey, TD, MVB, DVPH(MH), MRCVS Robert is Chief Veterinary Officer in the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Northern Ireland (DARDNI) veterinary service. He is currently Vice-President of the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, and a past President of the Union of European Veterinary Hygienists. He is also a former President of the Veterinary Public Health Association, and was Senior Examiner in Veterinary Public Health for the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1998-2010.

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Základní informace
NakladatelWiley-Blackwell
ISBN9781118650028
VydáníXI. vydání 2015
Vazbapevná
Počet stran329
Popis

Gracey’s Meat Hygiene, Eleventh Edition is the definitive reference for veterinarians working in meat hygiene control. This new edition of a classic text reflects the recent significant changes in science, legislation and practical implementation of meat hygiene controls in the UK, Europe and worldwide since the 10th edition was published in 1999. An excellent practical guide for teaching food hygiene to veterinary students worldwide, in addition to laying the foundations of food animal anatomy, pathology and disease. New chapters address the increased concern of both the public and inspectors to issues of animal welfare and recognise the role of the profession, and interest from the consumer, in environmental protection.
Key features include:
· Fully updated new edition, in a refreshed design with colour photographs and illustrations throughout.
· Includes new content on meat hygiene inspection covering the components of an integrated food safety management system as well as animal health and welfare controls in the ‘farm to fork’ system.
· A practical approach to health and safety in meat processing is outlined by identifying the hazards and then describing how these can best be controlled.
· With contributions from veterinary and industry experts, this edition is both a valuable teaching aid and a practical reference for veterinarians and all food business operators and their staff.
practical implementation of meat hygiene controls in the UK, Europe and worldwide since the 10th edition was published in 1999. An excellent practical guide for teaching food hygiene to veterinary students worldwide, in addition to laying the foundations of food animal anatomy, pathology and disease. New chapters address the increased concern of both the public and inspectors to issues of animal welfare and recognise the role of the profession, and interest from the consumer, in environmental protection.
Key features include:
· Fully updated new edition, in a refreshed design with colour photographs and illustrations throughout.
· Includes new content on meat hygiene inspection covering the components of an integrated food safety management system as well as animal health and welfare controls in the ‘farm to fork’ system.
· A practical approach to health and safety in meat processing is outlined by identifying the hazards and then describing how these can best be controlled.
· With contributions from veterinary and industry experts, this edition is both a valuable teaching aid and a practical reference for veterinarians and all food business operators and their staff.

Obsah
Contributorsxi
Prefacexiii
Acknowledgementsxv
1 The food animals1
Dietary factors2
World livestock production3
UK meat plants and throughputs4
Cattle4
Breeds4
Systems of beef production6
Growth promoters7
Definitions7
Sheep7
Definitions9
Pigs10
Pig breeds10
Pig breeds in the United Kingdom11
Pig production11
Pig meat production13
Glossary of terms13
Additional facts13
Goats13
Poultry14
Definitions14
Rabbits15
Deer16
Handling of deer17
References17
Further reading17
Form animal welfare council17
2 Anatomy19
Descriptive terms19
Osteology and arthrology19
Bones19
Digestive system21
Tongue21
Stomach22
Mucous membranes22
Intestines23
Liver24
Pancreas (gut sweetbread)25
Respiratory system26
Lungs26
Pluck26
Circulatory system (heart, arteries, capillaries and veins)26
Heart26
Portal circulation27
Spleen (melt)27
Lymphatic system28
Haemal lymph nodes28
Lymph nodes of the ox29
Nodes of the head and neck30
Nodes of the chest and forequarter30
Nodes of the abdomen and hindquarter31
Lymph nodes of the pig33
Head and neck33
Other nodes33
Urogenital system34
Urinary organs34
Genital organs34
Kidney34
Reproductive system34
Uterus34
Udder36
Endocrine system36
Thymus36
Adrenal (suprarenal) bodies36
Testicles (testes)37
Collection and yield of glands37
Skin37
Horns37
Muscular system37
Connective tissue38
Fat38
Determination of age by dentition38
Teeth38
Determination of sex39
Cattle39
Sheep40
Pigs41
Horse and ox differentiation41
Debasement of food (adulteration and substitution)41
Food tampering43
References43
Further reading43
3 Meat establishment construction and equipment45
Site45
Environmental statement45
Submission of plans46
Area size46
Facilities47
Equipment design50
Pest control51
Small abattoir units51
Lairage52
Cattle lairage52
Sheep lairage52
Pig lairage52
Deer lairage53
Clipping or cleaning of livestock53
Manure disposal53
Slaughterhall53
Stunning area53
Bleeding area54
Cattle carcase dressing54
On-the-rail dressing55
Sheep slaughterhall56
Pig slaughterhall57
Singeing and scraping58
Refrigeration accommodation58
Detained meat room59
Condemned meat room60
Hide and skin store60
Gut and tripe room60
Red offal room60
The edible fat room61
Cutting rooms61
Equipment wash61
Fresh meat dispatch area61
Vehicle washing62
General amenities for personnel62
Veterinary office62
Treatment of effluent62
Pollution parameters63
Treatment63
Preliminary treatment: Screening, solids and grit removal63
Secondary treatment64
Further reading65
4 Preservation of meat67
Physical changes in stored meat67
Chemical changes in stored meat68
Water activity or water availability (aw )68
Meat curing68
Salt68
Ingredients used in curing69
Production of bacon and ham69
Cutting70
Application of the pickle70
Production of cooked hams71
Traditional dry-cured bacon71
Alternative dry cure71
Smoking71
Common defects in cured meat71
Micro-organisms on cured product72
Refrigeration72
Mechanical refrigeration72
Chilling of meat73
Freezing of meat75
Freeze-drying or lyophilisation76
Storage of fresh meat76
Vacuum packing76
Modified atmosphere packing76
Refrigerated meat transport and storage76
Changes in frozen meat77
Weeping or drip77
Durability of frozen meat78
Effect of freezing on pathogenic micro-organisms and parasites78
Heat: Thermal processing78
Traditional canning methodology79
Treatment of food to be canned79
Canning operations80
Canning of meats82
Foods packed in glass82
Spoilage in canned foods82
Types of spoilage83
The public health aspect of canned foods85
Other methods of meat preservation86
Antioxidants86
Preservatives86
Irradiation86
Infrared radiation86
Ultraviolet radiation86
Ionising radiation86
High pressure87
References87
Further reading88
5 Plant sanitation89
Reasons for cleaning and disinfecting plant89
Scotoma effect or factory-blindness90
The chemistry of cleaning90
The soil91
The substrate: Materials of construction91
Energies of cleaning92
Chemical and physical reactions of cleaning92
Detergents: Design and choice95
Principles of disinfection95
Biocidal active components95
Disinfectants: Design and choice97
Hygiene equipment and application methods97
Manual cleaning98
Foam cleaning98
Foam and disinfectant application equipment98
Gels99
Spray100
Fogging100
Knife and cutting tool disinfection during processing100
Machine washing102
Cleaning-in-place (CIP)102
Rinse systems104
Contamination and re-contamination105
Air105
Water106
People106
Surfaces106
Cleaning procedures106
The cleaning sequence106
Monitoring of hygiene108
Training110
Safety110
Effluent and external odour control110
Conclusion111
Note111
References112
6 From farm to slaughter113
Production of clean, healthy livestock113
Clean livestock115
Healthy livestock117
Safe use of animal medicines117
Safe disposal of animal waste117
Animal welfare on the farm119
Assessment of an animal s welfare119
Transportation of livestock122
Loading and unloading122
The journey to slaughter123
EU transport legislation123
Protection during transport123
Means of transport123
Space allowances123
Duties of transporters123
Feed, water and rest periods123
Treatment of sick animals124
Travel documentation124
Loss of weight during transport124
Transport mortality125
Lairage construction126
Animal husbandry in the lairage127
Moving animals within the lairage127
Social stress128
Watering128
Fasting128
Resting of animals prior to slaughter129
Pre-slaughter handling and meat quality129
Stress and the animal129
Stress and meat quality130
Pre-slaughter feeding of sugars131
Traumatic injury131
Time of bruising131
Rough handling132
Presence of horns132
Temperament132
Stunning box design132
Mixing of animals133
Breed133
Incentives and education133
References133
Further reading134
7 Humane slaughter135
Pre-slaughter handling/restraint136
Cattle movement and restraint136
Pig movement and restraint137
The slaughtering process137
Assessment of unconsciousness at slaughter137
Methods of stunning138
Percussive stunning138
Head sites for percussive stunning140
Water jet stunning142
Carbon dioxide and other gas mixtures142
Electrical stunning144
Effect of stunning on meat quality146
Slaughter of minor species146
Slaughter of deer146
Slaughter of ostriches147
Slaughter of rabbits147
Other methods of slaughter147
Slaughter of poultry148
Electrical stunning of poultry148
Assessment of unconsciousness in electrical water bath stunned poultry149
Stunning/killing poultry with controlled atmospheres149
Percussive stunning of poultry150
Other methods of slaughter150
Effects of stunning on poultry meat quality150
Pithing150
Bleeding151
Cattle151
Sheep151
Pigs152
Efficiency of bleeding153
Slaughter without pre-stunning153
Shechita Jewish religious slaughter153
Muslim methods of slaughter156
Slaughter of poultry without stunning157
References157
Further reading158
8 Meat hygiene practice159
Meat and animal by-products159
Hygienic production159
Sources of contamination159
Outer integument hide, hair, fleece or skin159
Gastrointestinal tract160
Stunning and sticking160
Physical contact with structures160
Operatives160
Equipment and utensils161
The slaughter hall environment161
Vermin and pests161
Chemical contamination162
Methods of reducing contamination162
Dealing with the dirty animal162
Clipping cattle on line163
Protecting the meat from the worker163
Good hygiene practice165
Layout and flow lines167
Dressing techniques Removal of hide/fleece/hair167
Preventing contamination from the gastrointestinal tract170
Post-slaughter decontamination172
Water172
Trimming173
Chemical treatments173
Bacteriophages174
Ultraviolet and pulsed high-intensity light174
Outputs of the slaughterhouse174
Treatment of edible co-products175
Fats175
Edible fat rendering176
Stomach and intestines176
Bones177
Hides and skins177
Animal by-products178
Category 1178
Category 2179
Category 3 (can be used for pet food)180
Materials for technical uses181
Hygiene requirements for animal by-product processingestablishments183
Rendering processes183
References184
9 Meat inspection protocols185
The case for change185
The holistic approach187
Integrated Food Safety Assurance187
Farm to fork187
Food chain information187
Ante-mortem inspection188
Ante-mortem inspection procedure in the slaughter establishment189
Practical ante-mortem procedure190
Emergency slaughter animals191
Emergency slaughter: The decision on farm191
Emergency slaughter: The decision at the slaughter establishment192
Post-mortem inspection192
Facilities for post-mortem inspection192
Carcase identification and traceability193
Traditional post-mortem inspection194
Traditional post-mortem inspection of cattle194
Traditional post-mortem inspection of calves196
Traditional post-mortem inspection of sheep and goats196
Traditional post-mortem inspection of pigs196
Traditional post-mortem inspection of equines197
Traditional post-mortem inspection of poultry197
Decisions at post-mortem examination198
Common post-mortem findings203
Abscesses203
Omphalophlebitis204
Arthritis204
Oedema204
Pneumonia and pleurisy205
Endocarditis206
Pericarditis207
Pyelonephritis207
Bruising208
Pigmentation208
Haematogenous pigments209
Bile pigments209
Porphyrin210
Lipofuscin ( wear-and-tear pigment , pigment ofbrown atrophy, lipochrome, haemofuscin)211
Xanthosis (xanthomatosis, osteohaematochromatosis, brownatrophy)211
Tumours211
Classes of tumours212
Causes of tumours212
Effect on host212
Nomenclature of neoplasms212
Judgement of neoplasia213
Poor condition/emaciation213
Contamination215
Parasitic conditions215
Ascaris suum215
Echinococcus granulosus: Hydatidosis and hydatid cyst215
Taenia hydatigena (known as Cysticercus tenuicollis in larvalstage)216
Taenia ovis (previously known as Cysticercus ovis)216
Fasciola hepatica: Liver fluke216
Paramphistomiasis216
Sarcocystis216
Courses of action217
Utilisation of post-mortem data218
Control of hygienic production218
Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)219
Implementation of an HACCP system219
Worldwide food safety standards221
References222
Further reading222
10 Poultry production, slaughter and inspection223
Production of poultry223
Poultry feedingstuffs225
Poultry flock health226
Catching and crating226
Reception and unloading227
Pre-slaughter inspection228
Shackling228
Stunning and slaughter229
Scalding and defeathering230
Defeathering231
Evisceration232
Chilling235
Ante-mortem health inspection237
Post-mortem inspection in the plant240
Decision of the official veterinarian at the post-morteminspection241
General contamination242
Guidelines on trimming poultry242
Coliform infections243
Salmonellosis243
Campylobacteriosis244
Chlamydiosis (psittacosis/ornithosis)245
Miscellaneous conditions245
Dead on arrival245
Bruising and fractures245
Breast blisters and hock burn246
Ascites246
Slaughter liver or cholangiohepatitis246
Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS)246
Vices246
Contamination247
Decomposition247
Barking247
Diseases of the female reproductive system247
Oregon disease247
Over-scald247
Fevered carcases247
Septicaemia247
Insufficient bleeding247
Emaciation247
Viscera absent247
References248
Further reading248
11 Exotic meat production249
Rabbits249
Slaughter249
Inspection250
Post-mortem judgements in rabbit meat inspection250
Zoonoses251
Guidelines on contamination, missing viscera and trimming252
Farmed deer252
Handling and slaughter252
Park deer254
Wild deer254
Killing254
Ostriches255
Restraint256
Stunning256
Dressing256
Changes after slaughter257
Commercial squab production257
Further reading257
12 Food poisoning and meat microbiology259
Part 1: Food poisoning259
Types of food poisoning259
Surveillance of food poisoning259
Laboratory reports of enteric infections260
Outbreak surveillance261
General considerations261
Food-borne pathogens261
Part 2: Meat microbiology267
Bacteriological examination of carcases267
Part 3: Meat decomposition and spoilage271
Assessment of decomposition277
Further reading278
13 Controls on veterinary drug residues in the European Union279
Legal framework279
Licensed veterinary medicines279
Hormones and Agonists280
Prohibited compounds280
Unauthorised and unlicensed compounds281
Regulatory limits: MRLs, MRPLs and RPAs281
The National Residue Control Plan in EU member states282
Compound groups282
Sampling levels for each species282
Relationship between species and substance to be analysed283
Testing procedures and performance characteristics284
Testing procedures284
CC and CC285
Sampling of imported food285
Legal basis for sampling of imports from third countries285
Frequency of sampling of imports from third countries285
Interpretation of non-compliant results285
The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)285
Legal basis and description of the RASFF285
RASFF notification types286
Notification basis286
Action taken286
Distribution status286
Actions taken following infringements286
Analytical methods: Technical aspects287
Method specificity287
Performance characteristics288
Method validation288
Proficiency testing289
References289
14 Health and safety in meat processing291
Accident statistics291
UK legislation291
General duties292
Key topics requiring risk assessment293
Being struck by hand tools including knives293
Musculoskeletal disorders294
Slips, trips and falls298
Contact with machinery298
Transport301
Falls from a height301
Substances/microorganisms302
Zoonoses303
Specific control measures for zoonoses303
Animals310
Noise310
Cold environment311
General requirements312
References316
Index319