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Kings Applied Anatomy of the Central Nervous Systems of Domestic Mammals

Stručný popis

Po více jak 30 letech se specialisté neuroanatomie a neurofyziologie dočkali nového vydání Kingovy aplikované neuroanatomie. Za tuto dobu vědecko-technický pokrok v oblasti zobrazovacích metod zaznamenal obrovský vývoj kupředu. Publikace je svým zaměřením orientována na studenty veterinární medicíny, ale publikace se svými informacemi stane vítaným zdrojem informací i pro praktiky neurologie domácích zvířat.

Autor: Geoff Skerritt

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Základní informace

Nakladatel	Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN	9781118401064
Vydání	II. vydání 2018
Vazba	brožovaná
Počet stran

Popis

An update of a classic student text unlocking the mystery of veterinary neurology and neuroanatomy King's Applied Anatomy of the Central Nervous System of Domestic Mammals, Second Edition is an ideal introduction for those with no prior knowledge of the central nervous system. Presented in a logical and accessible manner, readers can quickly comprehend the essential principles of how the central nervous system is constructed, the way it works and how to recognise damaged components. By blending descriptive anatomy with clinical neurology, the text offers a unique approach – explaining the structure and function of the central nervous system while highlighting the relevance to clinical practice. Revised and updated to cover the latest clinical developments, this second edition includes additional content on electrodiagnostic methods, stem cell transplantation and advanced imaging. The book also comes with a companion website featuring self-assessment questions, label the diagram exercises, and downloadable figures to aid further learning. An excellent introductory text for veterinary students, King's Applied Anatomy of the Central Nervous System of Domestic Mammals, Second Edition is also an invaluable reference for trainee veterinary neurology specialists as well as veterinary practitioners with a particular interest in neurology.

Obsah

Foreword	xvii
Preface	xix
Acknowledgement	xxi
About the Contributors	xxiii
About the Companion Website	xxv
1 Arterial Supply to the Central Nervous System	1
Arterial Supply to the Brain	1
1.1 Basic Pattern of the Main Arteries Supplying the Brain	1
1.2 Basic Pattern of Incoming Branches to the Cerebral Arterial Circle	1
1.3 Species Variations	2
1.4 Summary of the Significance of the Vertebral Artery as a Source of Blood to the Brain	5
1.5 Humane Slaughter	6
1.6 Rete Mirabile	7
Superficial Arteries of the Spinal Cord	8
1.7 Main Trunks	8
1.8 Anastomosing Arteries	8
1.9 Segmental Arteries to the Spinal Cord	10
1.10 General Principles Governing the Distribution of Arteries below the Surface of the Neuraxis	10
1.11 The Deep Arteries of the Spinal Cord	10
1.12 The Problem of Pulsation	11
1.13 Arterial Anastomoses of the Neuraxis	11
2 The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid	13
Meninges	13
2.1 General Anatomy of the Cranial and Spinal Meninges	13
2.2 Anatomy of the Meninges at the Roots of Spinal and Cranial Nerves	14
2.3 The Spaces around the Meninges	14
2.4 Relationship of Blood Vessels to the Meninges	16
2.5 The Filum Terminale	16
2.6 The Falx Cerebri and Membranous Tentorium Cerebelli	16
Cerebrospinal Fluid	16
2.7 Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid	16
2.8 The Choroid Plexuses	16
2.9 Mechanism of Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid	17
2.10 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid	17
2.11 Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid	19
2.12 Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid	20
2.13 Bloodï¿½]brain Barrier	21
2.14 Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid	22
2.15 Clinical Conditions of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System	23
3 Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord and Brain	25
The Cranial System of Venous Sinuses	25
3.1 General Plan	25
3.2 The Components of the Dorsal System of Sinuses	27
3.3 The Components of the Ventral System of Sinuses	28
3.4 Drainage of the Cranial Sinuses into the Systemic Circulation	28
The Spinal System of Venous Sinuses	29
3.5 General Plan	29
3.6 Connections to the Cranial System of Sinuses	29
3.7 Territory Drained by the Spinal System of Sinuses	29
3.8 Drainage of the Spinal Sinuses into the Systemic Circulation	29
Clinical Significance of the Venous Drainage of the Neuraxis	30
3.9 Spread of Infection in the Head	30
3.10 Paradoxical Embolism	30
3.11 Venous Obstruction	30
3.12 Angiography for Diagnosis	31
4 The Applied Anatomy of the Vertebral Canal	33
The Anatomy of Epidural Anaesthesia and Lumbar Puncture	33
4.1 The Vertebrae	33
4.2 Spinal Cord	33
4.3 Meninges	35
4.4 Lumbar Puncture	35
4.5 Epidural Anaesthesia in the Ox	35
4.6 Injuries to the Root of the Tail	36
The Anatomy of the Intervertebral Disc	36
4.7 The Components of the Disc	36
4.8 Senile Changes	38
4.9 Disc Protrusion	38
4.10 Fibrocartilaginous Embolism	41
Malformation or Malarticulation of Vertebrae	41
4.11 The Wobbler Syndrome in the Dog	41
4.12 The Wobbler Syndrome in the Horse	41
4.13 Atlanto-Axial Subluxation in Dogs	42
4.14 Anomalous Atlantoï-Occipital Region in Arab Horses	42
4.15 Other Vertebral Abnormalities in Dogs	42
5 The Neuron	43
The Anatomy of Neurons	43
5.1 General Structure	43
5.2 The Axon	46
5.3 Epineurium, Perineurium and Endoneurium	50
5.4 The Synapse	51
5.5 Phylogenetically Primitive and Advanced Neurons	54
5.6 Axonal Degeneration and Regeneration in Peripheral Nerves	55
5.7 Regeneration and Plasticity in the Neuraxis	58
5.8 Stem Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells	58
5.9 The Reflex Arc	59
5.10 Decussation: The Coiling Reflex	60
6 The Nerve Impulse	63
Excitation and Inhibition	63
6.1 Ion Channels and Gating Mechanisms	63
6.2 The Membrane Potential	64
6.3 The Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential	64
6.4 The Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential	67
6.5 The Receptor Potential	68
6.6 The Endï¿½]plate Potential	6
9 6.7 Summary of Decremental Potentials	70
6.8 The Action Potential	71
6.9 Concerning Water Closets	73
6.10 Transducer Mechanisms of Receptors	73
6.11 Astrocytes	76
6.12 Oligodendrocytes	76
6.13 Microglia	77
7 Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves	79
General Principles Governing the Architecture of the Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves	79
7.1 Shape and Position of the Central Canal	79
7.2 Fragmentation of the Basic Columns of Grey Matter	79
7.3 Development of an Additional Component; Special Visceral Efferent	80
7.4 The Cranial Nerves of the Special Senses	82
7.5 Summary of the Architectural Principles of the Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves	82
Names,Topography and Functions of the Cranial Nerve Nuclei	82
7.6 Somatic Afferent Nucleus	82
7.7 Visceral Afferent Nucleus	85
7.8 Visceral Efferent Nuclei	85
7.9 Special Visceral Efferent Nuclei	86
7.10 Somatic Efferent Nuclei	86
Reflex Arcs of the Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves	87
Significance of the Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves in Clinical Neurology	88
8 Medial Lemniscal System	89
Conscious Sensory Modalities, their Receptors and Pathways	89
8.1 Conscious Sensory Modalities	89
8.2 Peripheral Receptors of Touch, Pressure and Joint Proprioception	91
8.3 Pathways of Touch, Pressure and Joint Proprioception	92
Clinical Conditions Affecting the Medial Lemniscal System	94
8.4 Effects of Lesions in the Dorsal Funiculus	94
Pain Pathways	96
8.5 Peripheral Receptors of Pain	96
8.6 Spinothalamic Tract of Man	97
8.7 Spinothalamic Pathways in Domestic Mammals	100
8.8 Spinocervical Tract (Spinocervicothalamic Tract)	100
8.9 Species Variations in the Medial Lemniscal System	100
8.10 Somatotopic Localisation	101
8.11 Blending of Tracts in the Spinal Cord	101
8.12 Summary of the Medial Lemniscus System	101
9 The Special Senses	103
Vision	103
9.1 Neuron 1	103
9.2 Neuron 2	103
9.3 Neuron 3	103
Hearing	106
9.4 Neuron 1	106
9.5 Neuron 2	106
9.6 Neuron 3	106
Balance	107
9.7 Neuron 1	107
9.8 Neuron 2	107
Taste	112
9.9 Neuron 1	112
9.10 Neuron 2	112
9.11 Neuron 3	112
Olfaction Proper: The Sense of Smell	113
9.12 Neuron 1	113
9.13 Neuron 2	114
9.14 Neuron 3	114
Summary of the Conscious Sensory Systems	117
10 Spinocerebellar Pathways and Ascending Reticular Formation	119
10.1 Spinocerebellar Pathways	119
10.2 Ascending Reticular Formation	119
Spinocerebellar Pathways	120
10.3 Hindlimbs	120
10.4 Forelimbs	122
10.5 Projections of Spinocerebellar Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex	123
10.6 Functions of the Spinocerebellar Pathways	124
10.7 Species Variations	124
Ascending Reticular Formation	124
10.8 Organisation	124
Functions of the Ascending Reticular Formation	128
10.9 Arousal	128
10.10 Transmission of Deep Pain	128
10.11 Summary of Spinocerebellar Pathways and Ascending Reticular Formation	132
11 Somatic Motor Systems	135
Somatic Efferent Neurons	135
11.1 Motor Neurons in the Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord	135
Muscle Spindles	137
11.2 Structure of the Muscle Spindle	137
11.3 The Mode of Operation of the Muscle Spindle	137
11.4 Role of Muscle Spindles in Posture and Movement	139
11.5 Golgi Tendon Organs	139
11.6 Muscle Tone	140
11.7 Motor Unit	141
11.8 Recruitment of Motor Units	141
11.9 Summary of Ways of Increasing the Force of Contraction of a Muscle	142
The Final Common Path	142
11.10 Algebraic Summation at the Final Common Path	142
11.11 Renshaw Cells	142
11.12 Lower Motor Neuron	142
11.13 Integration of the Two Sides of the Neuraxis	143
12 Pyramidal System	145
Pyramidal Pathways	145
12.1 The Neuron Relay	145
Feedback Pathways of the Pyramidal System	148
12.2 Feedback of the Pyramidal System	148
Comparative Anatomy of the Pyramidal System	149
12.3 Species Variations in the Primary Motor Area of the Cerebral Cortex	149
12.4 Species Variations in the Pyramidal System	150
12.5 The Function of the Pyramidal System	150
Clinical Considerations	151
12.6 Effects of Lesions in the Pyramidal System	151
12.7 Validity of the Distinction between Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Systems	152
13 Extrapyramidal System	153
Motor Centres	153
13.1 Nine Command Centres	153
13.2 The Cerebral Cortex	153
13.3 Basal Nuclei and Corpus Striatum	154
13.4 Midbrain Reticular Formation	155
13.5 Red Nucleus	155
13.6 Mesencephalic Tectum	155
13.7 Pontine Motor Reticular Centres 156 13.8 Lateral Medullary Motor Reticular Centres	156
13.9 Medial Medullary Motor Reticular Centres	156
13.10 Vestibular Nuclei	156
Spinal Pathways	156
13.11 Pontine and Medullary Reticulospinal Tracts	156
13.12 Rubrospinal Tract	158
13.13 Vestibulospinal Tract	159
13.14 Tectospinal Tract	159
13.15 The Position in the Spinal Cord of the Tracts of the Extrapyramidal System	159
13.16 Summary of the Tracts of the Extrapyramidal System	159
14 Extrapyramidal Feedback and Upper Motor Neuron Disorders	161
Feedback of the Extrapyramidal System	161
14.1 Neuronal Centres of the Feedback Circuits	161
14.2 Feedback Circuits	161
14.3 Balance between Inhibitory and Facilitatory Centres	164
14.4 Clinical Signs of Lesions in Extrapyramidal Motor Centres in Man	165
14.5 Clinical Signs of Lesions in the Basal Nuclei in Domestic Animals	166
14.6 Upper Motor Neuron Disorders	166
15 Summary of the Somatic Motor Systems	169
The Motor Components of the Neuraxis	169
15.1 Pyramidal System	169
15.2 Extrapyramidal System	170
15.3 Distinction between Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Systems	171
Clinical Signs of Motor System Injuries	171
15.4 Functions of the Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Systems: Effects of Injury to the Motor Command Centres	171
15.5 Upper Motor Neuron	171
15.6 Lower Motor Neuron	172
15.7 Summary of Projections onto the Final Common Path	173
16 The Cerebellum	175
AfferentPathways to the Cerebellum	175
16.1 Ascending from the Spinal Cord	175
16.2 Feedback Input into the Cerebellar Cortex	175
Arterial Supply to the Brain	177
Summary of Pathways in the Cerebellar Peduncles	178
16.3 Caudal Cerebellar Peduncle	179
16.4 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle	179
16.5 Rostral Cerebellar Peduncle	179
Rostral Cerebellar Peduncle	179
16.6 Vestibular Areas	179
16.7 Proprioceptive Areas	179
16.8 Feedback Areas	180
Functions of the Cerebellum	180
16.9 Coordination and Regulation of Movement	180
16.10 Control of Posture	181
16.11 Ipsilateral Function of the Cerebellum	181
16.12 Summary of Cerebellar Function	181
16.13 Functional Histology of the Cerebellum	182
Clinical Conditions of the Cerebellum	184
16.14 The Three Cerebellar Syndromes	184
16.15 Cerebellar Disease in Domestic Mammals and Man	185
17 Autonomic Components of the Central Nervous System	187
Neocortex and Hippocampus	187
17.1 Cortical Components	187
17.2 Hippocampus	188
Diencephalon	188
17.3 Hypothalamus	188
The Autonomic Functions of the Hypothalamus	190
17.4 Amygdaloid Body and Septal Nuclei	192
17.5 Habenular Nuclei	193
17.6 Hindbrain Autonomic Areas	193
The Autonomic Areas of the Hindbrain	193
17.7 Autonomic Motor Pathways in the Spinal Cord	194
17.8 Ascending (Afferent) Visceral Pathways in the Spinal Cord and Brainstem	195
Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic System	195
17.9 Effects of Lesions in Autonomic Pathways	195
17.10 Summary of Descending Autonomic Pathways	197
18 The Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus	199
Cerebral Cortex	199
18.1 Projection Areas and Association Areas	199
18.2 Instinct	200
18.3 Cerebral Cortex in Primitive Mammals	200
18.4 Cerebral Cortex in the Cat and Dog	200
18.5 Conditioned Reflexes	200
18.6 Cerebral Cortex in Man	201
18.7 Cognitive Association Area in Man	202
18.8 Cognitive Association Area in Carnivores	203
18.9 Interpretative Association Area in Man	204
18.10 Interpretative Association Area in Carnivores	204
18.11 Frontal Association Area in Man	204
18.12 Frontal Association Area in Carnivores	205
18.13 Corpus Callosum	205
Clinical Conditions of the Cerebral Cortex	205
18.14 Effects of Extensive Damage to the Cerebral Hemisphere in Domestic Mammals	205
18.15 Seizures	207
Histology of the Cerebral Cortex	208
18.16 Histology of the Cerebral Cortex	208
Thalamus	208
18.17 Ventral Group of Thalamic Nuclei	209
18.18 The Lateral Group	210
18.19 Central (or Intralaminar) Group	210
18.20 Dorsomedial Group	210
18.21 Summary of Incoming Afferent Paths to the Thalamus:	210
18.22 Summary of the Projections from the Thalamus to the Cerebral Cortex	211
18.23 Summary of Functions of the Thalamus:	211
18.24 Clinical Effects of Lesions of the Thalamus in Domestic Mammals	212
18.25 Clinical Effects of Lesions of the Thalamus in Man	212
Growth of the Human Brain	212
19 Embryological and Comparative Neuroanatomy	215
19.1 The Development of the Brain	215
19.2 The Development of the Spinal Cord	217
19.3 The Development of the Neural Crest	217
Evolution of the Vertebrate Forebrain	218
19.4 Primitive Vertebrates	218
19.5 Contemporary Amphibian	218
19.6 Contemporary Advanced Reptile	219
19.7 Mammal	220
19.8 Bird	221
19.9 Major Homologies in Mammals and Birds	222
Evolution of the Capacity to Differentiate Sensory Modalities	223
19.10 Lower Vertebrates, Including Amphibians	223
19.11 Advanced Reptiles and Birds	223
19.12 Mammals	223 Special Features of the Avian Brain
19.13 Size of the Brain	223
19.14 Poor Development of the Cerebral Cortex	223
19.15 External Striatum	224
19.16 Colliculi: The Optic Lobe	224
19.17 Olfactory Areas	224
19.18 Cerebellum	225
19.19 Spinocerebellar Pathways	226
19.20 Cuneate and Gracile Fascicles	226
19.21 Motor Spinal Pathways	227
20 Clinical Neurology	229
20.1 Mental Status	229
20.2 Posture	230
20.3 Gait	230
20.4 Examination of the Cranial Nerves: Tests and Observations	232
Testing Postural and Locomotor Responses	243
20.5 Tonic Neck and Eye Responses	243
20.6 Proprioceptive Positioning Responses	243
20.7 Placing Responses	244
20.8 Extensor Postural Thrust	245
20.9 Hopping	245
20.10 Wheelbarrow Test	245
20.11 Hemiwalking	246
20.12 Righting	247
20.13 Blindfolding	247
20.14 Circling Test	247
20.15 Sway Test	247
Examination of Spinal Reflexes	247
20.16 Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflex	247
20.17 Patellar Tendon Reflex	249
20.18 Triceps Tendon Reflex	250
20.19 Biceps Tendon Reflex	250
20.20 Cutaneous Trunci/Colli (Formerly Panniculus) Reflex	250
20.21 Perineal Reflex	251
20.22 Crossed Extensor Reflex	251
20.23 Babinski Reflex	251
Other Tests	252
20.24 Assessment of Muscle Tone	252
20.25 Testing Conscious Pain Responses	252
20.26 Detecting Discomfort	252
20.27 Testing the Sympathetic System	252
20.28 Case Sheet	254
21 Imaging Techniques for Study of the Central Nervous System	257
General Considerations	257
21.1 Species	257
21.2 Objectives of Imaging in Clinical Neurology	257
21.3 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging	258
21.4 The Use of Contrast Agents in Imaging	260
Intracranial Structures	262
21.5 Positioning of the Head	262
21.6 Breed and Age Variation in Images of the Head	262
Vertebral Column	263
21.7 Positioning of the Patient	263
21.8 Imaging the Vertebral Column	264
21.9 Contrast Radiography of the Vertebral Column	267
22 Topographical Anatomy of the Central Nervous System	269
Spinal Cord	269
22.1 Regions of the Spinal Cord	269
22.2 Segments of Spinal Cord and their Relationship to Vertebrae	270
22.3 General Organisation of Grey and White Matter	270
22.4 Dorsal, Lateral and Ventral Horns of Grey Matter	271
22.5 Laminae of Grey Matter	272
22.6 Funiculi of White Matter	272
22.7 Tracts of the White Matter	273
Medulla Oblongata	274
22.8 Gross Structure	274
22.9 Cranial Nerves	274
22.10 Ventricular System	275
22.11 Internal Structure	277
Pons	280
22.12 Gross Structure	280
22.13 Cranial Nerves	280
22.14 Ventricular System	281
22.15 Internal Structure	281
Midbrain	283
22.16 Gross Structure	283
22.17 Cranial Nerves	283
22.18 Ventricular System	284
22.19 Internal Structure	284
Diencephalon	288
22.20 Gross Structure	288
22.21 Cranial Nerves	289
22.22 Ventricular System	289
22.23 Internal Structure	290
Cerebellum	293
22.24 Gross Structure	293
22.25 Internal Structure	293
22.26 Cerebellar Peduncles	294
Cerebral Hemispheres	295
22.27 Gross Structure	295
22.28 Ventricular System	296
22.29 Internal Structure	297
23 Electrodiagnostics	303
23.1 Introduction	303
23.2 Electromyography	303
23.3 Nerve Conduction Velocity	304
23.4 Electroencephalography	304
23.5 Evoked Potentials	305
23.6 Electroretinography	307
23.7 Intraoperative Monitoring of Spinal Cord Function	307
24 Diagnostic Exercises	309
24.1 Introduction	309
24.2 Solutions to Diagnostic Exercises	317
Appendix	325
Further Reading	335
Index	347