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Nutrition and Disease Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses, 3rd Edition připravuje se

Stručný popis

Strava a výživa jsou základními aspekty veterinární péče. Správná péče a krmení domácích zvířat může zlepšit zdravotní stav a pomoci předcházet nemocem. Splnění změněných dietních potřeb nemocného zvířete může usnadnit zotavení a zlepšit kvalitu života. Publikace nabízí aktuální úvod do klíčových pojmů a prvků veterinární výživy. S podrobným popisem základů veterinární výživy vedle nutričního managementu pro mnoho běžných onemocnění malých zvířat obsahuje třetí vydání všechny náležitosti veterinární výživy a diety pro veterinární pacienty jakéhokoli věku nebo zdravotního stavu.
• Poskytuje úplný odkaz na veterinární výživu, od základů až po krmení domácích zvířat jakéhokoli věku a zdravotního stavu
• Doplňuje informace o výživě ptáků ke stávajícímu pokrytí malých a velkých druhů zvířat
• Nové vydání zahrnuje sekci o prebiotikách, Sekce Probiotika a synbiotika v rámci základů výživy
• Sekce Management nemocí přidává informace o bezobilných/BEG dietách a DCM souvisejícím s dietou u psů
• Sekce onemocnění je rozšířena o další nemoci a další oblasti s významnými aktualizacemi výzkumu
• Zahrnuje přístup na doprovodnou webovou stránku s případovými studiemi, kontrolními otázkami a odpověďmi, MCQ, materiály pro klienty, pracovními listy o výživě a figurami z knihy v PowerPointu
Očekávanými čtenáři jsou studenti veterinární techniky, veterinární technici v praxi, studenti veterinární ošetřovatelství a veterinární sestry v praxi.
Autorský kolektiv:
Ann Wortinger, BIS, LVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM, Nutrition) je majitelkou společnosti 4 Cats Consulting, akademická advokátka a instruktorka pro Ashworth College Veterinary Technology Program, Detroit, Michigan, Spojené státy americké. Kara M. Burns, MS, MEd, LVT, VTS (Výživa), je zakladatelkou a bývalou prezidentkou Akademie veterinárních techniků výživy a ředitelkou rozvoje veterinární ošetřovatelství, WellHaven Pet Health.

Autor: Ann Wortinger, Kara M. Burns

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Základní informace

Nakladatel	Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN	9781119861041
Vydání	III. vydání 2024
Vazba	brožovaná
Počet stran	512

Popis

Diet and nutrition are essential aspects of veterinary care. Proper care and feeding of companion animals can improve health outcomes and help to prevent disease. Meeting the altered dietary needs of a sick animal can facilitate recovery and improve quality of life. For veterinary technicians, nurses, and other veterinary practitioners, a working knowledge of companion animal nutrition is an essential component of overall patient care.

Nutrition and Disease Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses offers an accessible, up-to-date introduction to the key concepts and elements of veterinary nutrition. With detailed coverage of the fundamentals of veterinary nutrition in addition to the nutritional management for many common small animal diseases, the third edition incorporates all the essentials of veterinary nutrition and diet for veterinary patients of any age or health status.

Readers of the third edition of Nutrition and Disease Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses will also find:

Eleven new chapters, plus additional species in some chapters, including new chapters on chickens
An added section on prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics
End-of-chapter summaries with multiple-choice questions and case reviews to facilitate use in the classroom
Nutrition and Disease Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses is ideal for all veterinary technician students, working veterinary technicians, nurses, and students working towards specialty certification in veterinary nutrition.
Ann Wortinger, BIS, LVT, VTS, was an Organizing member for the AVNT, and one of the first VTS (Nutrition). She on the faculty at Appalachian State University in the Veterinary Technology Program, based in Boone, North Carolina. She works and resides outside metro Detroit, Michigan, USA.
Kara M. Burns, MS, MEd, LVT, VTS, is Founder and Past President of the Academy of Veterinary Nutrition Technicians, an independent consultant, and Director of Veterinary Nursing Development, at Well Haven Pet Health.

Obsah

Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
Section 1 The Basics of Nutrition	1
1 Nutrients and Energy	3
Introduction	3
Nutrients	3
Measures of Energy	4
Gross Energy	4
Digestible Energy	4
Feeding Trials	4
Calculation Method	5
Energy Density	5
References	8
2 Water	11
Introduction	11
Water Quality	11
Water Loss	12
Water Gains	12
Voluntary Oral Intake	12
References	13
3 Carbohydrates	15
Introduction	15
Monosaccharides	15
Disaccharides	16
Oligosaccharides	16
Polysaccharides	16
Carbohydrate Types	17
Resistant Starches	18
Carbohydrate Digestion	18
Carbohydrate Functions	18
Cats and Carbohydrates	19
References	19
4 Fats	21
Introduction	21
Triglycerides	21
Lipoproteins	22
Cholesterol	22
Nutrient Density	22
Fat Digestion	23
Essential Fatty Acids	23
Short-Chain Fatty Acids	24
Lipid Functions	25
Lipid Deficiencies	25
References	25
5 Protein and Amino Acids	27
Introduction	27
Functions of Proteins	28
Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids	29
Dietary Protein	29
Protein Quality	30
Taurine	31
References	31
6 Vitamins	33
Introduction	33
Fat-Soluble Vitamins	34
Vitamin A	34
Vitamin D	36
Vitamin E	37
Vitamin K	38
Water-Soluble Vitamins	39
B-Complex Vitamins	39
Thiamin	39
Riboflavin	39
Niacin	40
Pyridoxine	40
Pantothenic Acid	41
Folic Acid	41
Biotin	42
Cobalamin	42
Choline	43
Vitamin C	43
Vitamin-Like Substances	43
Carnitine	43
Carotenoids	44
Bioflavonoids	44
References	44
7 Minerals	47
Introduction	47
Macrominerals	48
Calcium	48
Phosphorus	50
Magnesium	50
Sodium and Chloride	50
Sulfur	51
Microminerals	51
Iron	51
Zinc	52
Copper	52
Selenium	53
Iodine	53
Chromium	53
References	54
8 Digestion and Absorption	55
Introduction	55
Digestive Tract	55
Mouth	55
Stomach	56
Small Intestine	57
Bile Salts	58
Hormones in Digestion	58
Digestion After the Intestines	58
Large Intestine	59
References	60
9 Energy Balance	61
Introduction	61
Units of Measure	61
Daily Energy Requirements	61
Resting Energy Requirements	62
Common Measurements of Energy	62
Basal Energy Requirement (BER)	62
Resting Energy Requirement (RER)	62
Maintenance Energy Requirement (MER)	62
Daily Energy Requirement (DER)	62
Gross Energy (GE)	62
Digestible Energy (DE)	62
Metabolizable Energy (ME)	62
Kilocalorie (kcal)	63
3500 kcal	63
Energy Expenditure	63
Body Heat Production	63
Facultative Thermogenesis	63
Voluntary Oral Intake	64
Nutrient Composition	65
Estimated Energy Requirements	65
References	66
10 Gastrointestinal Microbiome	69
Introduction	69
Microbiome	69
Commensal Microbiota	69
Benefits to the Host	70
The Immune System	70
Bacteria	71
Other Components of the Microbiota	72
Effects of Diet on the Microbiota	72
Dysbiosis	73
Conclusion	75
References	75
11 Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics	77
Introduction	77
Definitions	77
The Intestines	78
Prebiotics	78
Probiotics	79
Synbiotics	80
Survivability and Label Claims	80
Conclusion	81
References	81
12 Nutrition Calculations	83
Introduction	83
Units of Measure	83
Converting Units	84
Calculating Resting Energy Requirements (RER)	84
Calculating Daily Energy Requirements (DER)	85
Calculating Feeding Amounts	85
Tube Feeding Calculations	86
Converting Guaranteed Analysis to Energy Density	86
Energy Density Equals	87
Food	87
Calculating Meals per Can/Cup/Bag	87
Cost of Feeding	88
Conclusion	88
References	88
Section 2 Nutritional Requirements of Dogs and Cats	89
13 History and Regulation of Pet Foods	91
Introduction	91
Marketing of Pet Foods	91
Production of Pet Foods	92
Regulatory Agencies	92
Association of American Feed Control Officials	92
FDA	93
USDA	94
NRC	94
PFI	94
States	94
Food Recalls	95
Regulations	95
Conclusion	96
References	96
14 Pet Food Labels	97
Introduction	97
Definition of Terms	97
Complete	97
Balanced	97
Regulations	97
Principal Display Panel	98
Product Naming	99
Nutritional Adequacy	99
Information Panel	100
Complete and Balanced for All Life Stages	103
Limited Claim	103
Intermittent or Supplemental	103
Therapeutic	103
Other Label Claims	104
References	104
15 Nutrient Content of Pet Foods	105
Introduction	105
Laboratory Analysis	105
Calculation	105
Final Product Analysis	106
Digestibility	106
Feeding Trials	107
Food Comparisons	107
Metabolizable Energy	108
References	111
16 Types of Pet Foods	113
Introduction	113
Pet Food Library	113
Commercial Diets	113
Dry Pet Foods	114
Moist Pet Foods	115
Semi-Moist Foods	116
Raw	117
Snacks and Treats	118
Toxicity and Recalls	119
References	119
17 Raw Food Diets	121
Introduction	121
Government and Professional Associations	121
Nutritional Content	122
Bacterial Contamination in Food	123
Health of the Pets	124
Dental Health	124
Digestion and Digestive Enzymes	124
Options	125
Conclusion	125
References	125
18 Grain-Free and Boutique Diets	127
Introduction	127
Marketing Versus Science	127
Grains	127
Carbohydrate Digestion	128
Grain Substitutes	128
Nutrient Profiles	128
Dilated Cardiomyopathy	128
Boutique Foods	130
References	130
19 Additives and Pet Food Preservatives	133
Introduction	133
Antioxidants	133
Naturally Derived Antioxidants	134
Synthetic Antioxidants	135
Antimicrobials	136
Functional Ingredients	136
Colors	137
Artificial Flavors and Flavor Enhancers	137
Texture and Mouth Feel	137
Smell	137
Need for Additives	137
References	138
20 Homemade Diets	141
Introduction	141
Why Home Made?	142
Food Preparation	142
Ingredient Choices	143
Assess the Recipe	143
Selecting a Diet	144
Additional Instructions	145
Patient Assessment and Monitoring	145
References	146
21 Resources for Alternative Diets	147
Introduction	147
Descriptors	147
Natural	147
Free in Foods	147
Organic	148
Raw Foods	148
Client Communications	148
Guidelines	148
Options	149
References	149
Section 3 Feeding Management for Dogs and Cats	151
22 Feeding Regimens for Dogs and Cats	153
Introduction	153
Dogs	153
Cats	154
What to Feed	155Feeding Regimens
Free-Choice Feeding	156
Time-Controlled Feeding	157
Portion-Controlled Feedings	157
Puzzle Feeders	159
Behavioral Problems	159
Introducing Puzzles	160
References	160
23 Nutritional Assessment	163
Introduction	163
Screening Evaluation	163
Extended Evaluation	163
Body Condition Scoring	164
Body Condition Score Uses	167
Muscle Condition Scoring	168
Communicating a Nutritional Recommendation	170
References	171
24 Pregnancy and Lactation in Dogs	173
Introduction	173
Pregnancy	173
Lactation	174
The Puppies	174
What to Feed	174
Nutrients	175
Water	175
Protein	175
Fats	176
Carbohydrates	176
Calcium and Phosphorus	176
Digestibility	177
References	177
25 Pregnancy and Lactation in Cats	179
Introduction	179
First Heat Cycle	179
Pregnancy	179
Lactation	180
The Kittens	180
What to Feed	180
Nutrients	180
Water	181
Protein	182
Fat	182
Digestible Carbohydrates	183
Calcium and Phosphorus	183
References	183
26 Neonatal Puppies and Kittens	185
Introduction	185
Nutrition	185
Water	185
Protein	185
Fat	186
Carbohydrate	186
Calcium and Phosphorous	186
Colostrum	186
Milk	186
Thermoregulation	187
Orphans	187
Milk Replacers	188
Weaning	188
References	189
27 Growth in Dogs	191
Introduction	191
Normal Growth	191
What to Feed	192
Energy	192
Protein	192
Fats and Fatty Acids	193
Calcium and Phosphorus	193
Feeding Regimens	193
Large and Giant Breed Puppies	195
Hip Dysplasia (CHD)	195
Osteochondrosis (OCD)	196
What to Feed Large and Giant Breed Puppies	196
References	197
28 Growth in Cats	199
Introduction	199
Normal Growth	199
What to Feed	199
Energy	199
Protein	200
Fat and Fatty Acids	200
Calcium and Phosphorus	200
Potassium	201
Urinary pH	201
Deficiencies	201
Carbohydrates	201
Feeding Regimens	201
Reassessment	203
References	204
29 Adult Maintenance in Dogs	205
Introduction	205
Maintenance	205
Gender and Neuter Status	206
Activity Level	206
Environment	206
Water	207
Energy	207
Fats and Fatty Acids	207
Fiber	208
Protein	208
Antioxidants	208
Stress	208
Obesity	208
Feeding Plan	209
References	211
30 Adult Maintenance in Cats	213
Introduction	213
Cats as Carnivores	213
Maintenance	213
Gender and Neuter Status	213
Environment and Activity Level	214
Water	214
Energy	214
Fats and Essential Fatty Acids	214
Fiber	215
Protein	215
Urinary pH	216
Antioxidants	216
Requirement	217
Canned Versus Dry food	218
Obesity	219
References	220
31 Feeding the Healthy Geriatric Dog and Cat	221
Introduction	221
Feeding Requirements	222
Metabolism	222
Digestion	223
Protein	223
Fat	224
Fiber	224
Taste	225
Conclusion	225
References	226
2 Performance and Dogs	227
Introduction	227
Fats	228
Carbohydrate	229
Protein	230
Water	230
Supplements	231
Diet Requirements	231
Energy Considerations	232
Diet Calculations	232
Feeding Plan	232
References	234
33 Feeding Requirements of Cats	235
Introduction	235
Feeding Behaviors	235
Anatomic Adptations	236
Physiologic Adaptations	236
Metabolic Adaptations	237
Energy	237
Water	237
Protein	238
Taurine	238
Methionine and Cystine	239
Arginine	239
Fats	239
Vitamin Metabolism	239
Conclusion	240
References	240
34 Nutrition Myths	241
Introduction	241
Diet	241
Myth: Feeding Trials are not Necessary	242
Myth: Pet Food Preservatives are Bad	243
Myth: All Foods are Created Equally	244
Myth: Corn is just Filler	245
Conclusion	246
References	246
35 Cost of Feeding	247
Introduction	247
Cost per Bag-Dry Food	247
Cost per Can	248
Conclusion	248
Section 4 Nutritional Disease Management for Dogs and Cats	249
36 Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders	251
Assessment	252
Nutritional Factors	254
Water	255
Electrolytes	256
Protein	256
Glutamine	256
Arginine	257
Fat	257
Carbohydrates	257
Fiber	257
Food Form and Temperature	258
Vitamins and Trace Minerals	258
GI Bacterial Ecosystem	258
Acid Load	258
Summary	258
Further Reading	259
37 Critical Care Nutrition	261
What Patients Should be Fed?	261
How Should the Patient be Fed?	262
What Should the Patient be Fed?	263
Summary	266
Further Reading	266
38 Assisted Feeding in Dogs and Cats	269
Introduction	269
Feeding Tube Materials	269
Nasoesophageal/Nasogastric Tube	270
Esophagostomy Tube Placement	271
Gastrostomy Tube	272
Jejunostomy Tube	273
Beginning Enteral Feeding	274
Diet Choices	274
Mechanical Complications	275
Gastrointestinal Complications	276
Metabolic Complications	276
Infectious Complications	277
Hospital Management	278
Potential Post-discharge Complications	278
Summary	279
References	279
39 Liver Disease	281
Key Nutritional Factors in Hepatobiliary Diseases	282
Chronic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis	283
Canine Copper Associated Hepatotoxicosis	283
Cholangitis	284
Portosystemic Shunts	284
Neoplasia	284
Hepatic Lipidosis	285
How Much to Feed?	286
Protein	287
Sodium and Chloride	287
Potassium	287
References	288
40 Dermatology	289
Patient History	289
Physical Examination	290
Common Skin Disorders in Dogs and Cats	290
Allergic Dermatitis	291
Adverse Reactions to Food	292
Nutritional Management	293
Key Nutritional Factors	293
Nutritional Protocol	294
References	296
41 Fatty Acids in Disease Management	299
Fatty Acids	299
Fatty Acid Deficiencies and Cardiac Disease	300
Arrhythmia	300
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Overall Effect on the Cardiac Patient	301
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Osteoarthritis	302
FLUTD	303
Cancer	303
References	304
42 Endocrinology	307
Key Nutritional Factors	308
Water	308
Energy	308
Fiber	309
Fat	309
Protein	310
Hyperthyroidism	310
Water	311
Energy/Fat	311
Protein	311
Fiber	312
References	313
43 Cancer Nutrition	315
Nutritional Assessment	315
Metabolic Alterations in Patients with Cancer	315
Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism	316
Alterations in Protein Metabolism	316
Fat Metabolism Alterations	316
Starvation versus Cachexia	316
Prevalence and Diagnosis	317
Pathophysiology	317
Nutrients to Consider in Cancer Management	318
Soluble Carbohydrates and Fiber	318
Protein	318
Fat and Omega-	318
Fatty Acids	319
Antioxidant	319
Vitamins	319
Trace Minerals	319
Tea Polyphenols	319
Vitamin A	320
References	320
44 Refeeding Syndrome	323
Electrolytes	324
Potassium	324
Phosphorus	325
Magnesium	325
Managing Refeeding Syndrome	325
Summary	326
References	327
45 Cardiac Disease	329
Key Nutritional Factors	330
Sodium and Chloride	330
Taurine	331
L-Carnitine	331
Phosphorus	331
Potassium and Magnesium	332
Protein	332
Omega-3 Fatty Acids	332
Water	333
Nutrition-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy	333
The Misperceptions	334
References	337
Further reading	338
46 Musculoskeletal	339
Obesity as a Risk Factor	339
Clinical Signs	340
Stages of Canine Osteoarthritis	341
Nutrigenomics and Osteoarthritis	341
Managing Mobility Nutritionally	343
Key Nutrients	343
Developmental Orthopedic Disease	344
Patient Assessment	344
Key Nutritional Factors	345
Energy	345
Protein	346
Fat	346
Calcium and Phosphorus	346
Digestibility	347
Carbohydrates	347
References	347
47 Weight Management	351
Causes of Obesity	351
Health Risks Associated with Obesity	352
The Largest Endocrine Organ	352
EvaluatingWeight and Nutrition	352
Body Condition Scoring (BCS)	353
Body Fat Index Risk Chart Validation	355
Weight Management Program	355
Determining IdealWeight Matters	356
Client/Behavioral Factors	356
Calorie Restriction	356
Exercise	356
Weight Management Guidelines	357
Summary	357
References	358
48 Cachexia	361
Sarcopenia	361
Starvation versus Cachexia	361
Pathophysiology	362
Phases of Cachexia	362
Therapeutic Strategies	362
Managing Anorexia/Hyporexia	362
Key Nutritional Factors in the Management of Cachexia	363
Feeding Methods	363
Summary	364
References	365
49 Dental Health	367
Periodontal Disease	367
Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease	368
Nutrition and Tooth Development	369
Nutrition and Dental Health	369
Key Nutritional Factors	369
Protein	370
Carbohydrates	370
Fiber	370
Antioxidants	371
Minerals	371
Vitamins	372
Dental Home Care	372
Dental Home Care Product Categories	373
Pet Owner Education and Compliance	375
References	377
50 Nutritional Management of Pancreatitis	379
The Function of the Pancreas	379
Pancreatitis	380
History and Physical Examination	380
Nutritional Evaluation	381
Key Nutritional Factors	382
Additional Nutritional Factors in Pancreatitis	383
References	384
51 Nutrition in Pancreatic Insufficiency	385
Pancreatic Acinar Atrophy	385
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency	386
Clinical Signs	386
Laboratory Information	386
Nutritional Management	387
Key Nutritional Factors	387
Digestibility	387
Fat	387
Fiber	388
Vitamins	388
References	389
52 Nutritional Management of Hyperlipidemia in Dogs and Cats	391
Hyperlipidemia Classification	391
Clinical Signs	392
Dogs with Hyperlipidemia	392
Cats with Hyperlipidemia	392
Management	393
Nutritional History	393
Key Nutritional Factors	393
Fat	393
Fatty Acids	394
Vitamins	394
Fiber	394
Treats	394
References	395
53 Brain Aging/Cognitive Dysfunction	397
Aging and Its Effect on the Brain	398
Nutritional Management of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome	398
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome Summary	399
Brain Aging	399
Senior or Mature Adult Dogs	400
Senior or Mature Adult Cats	401
Completing a Nutritional Evaluation for Senior Pets	401
Scientific Tools	402
References	402
54 Kidney Disease	405
Prevalence	405
Clinical Signs	405
Staging of Chronic Kidney Disease	406
A New Kidney Biomarker	406
Nutritional Management of CKD	406
Water	407
Energy	407
Protein	407
Phosphorus	407
Alkalinizers and Buffers	408
Sodium and Chloride	408
Potassium	408
Omega-3 Fatty Acids	408
Antioxidants	408
B Vitamins	408
Soluble Fiber	409
Transition	409
Palatability	409
Texture	409
Taste Aversion	410
Follow Up	410
Features of Therapeutic Renal Foods	410
Summary	410
References	411
55 Nutritional Management of Digestive Disease in Brachycephalic Dogs	413
Brachycephalic Anatomy	413
Alimentary Tract Signs	414
Digestive Disease	414
History and Physical Examination	414
Medical Management	415
Nutritional Management	415
Body Condition Score	415
Key Nutritional Factors	415
Water	416
Protein	416
Fat	416
Fiber	416
Food Form and Temperature	416
Brachycephalic Bowls	416
Other Digestive Disease Nutrition Suggestions	417
Summary	417
References	417
56 Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease	419
Causes of FLUTD	419
Diagnostic Evaluation	419
Pathogenesis of FIC	421
Nutritionally Managing Cats with FIC	421
Managing Cats with Feline Idiopathic Cystitis	422
Environmental Enrichment	423
Managing Cats with Struvite Uroliths or Urethral Plugs	423
Managing Cats with Calcium Oxalate Uroliths	424
Summary	424
References	424
Further Reading	425
Section 5 Feeding Management for other Companion Animals	427
57 Avian	429
Nutritional Overview	429
Nutritional Assessment	430
Commercially Prepared Diets	430
Avian Key Nutritional Factors	434
Water	434
Protein and Amino Acids	435
Fats and Essential Fatty Acids	435
Carbohydrates	435
Calcium	436
Vitamins and Minerals	436
Fruits and Vegetables	436
Poultry Nutrition for Backyard Flocks	437
Water	437
Energy	437
Carbohydrates	437
Fats	438
Proteins	438
Minerals	439
Vitamins	439
References	439
58 Small Pet Mammals and Reptiles	441
Nutritional Assessment	441
Ferrets	441
Rabbits	443
Guinea Pigs	444
Other Small Mammals	446
Reptiles	448
References	449
59 Equine	451
Nutritional Physiology	451
Key Nutritional Factors for Horses	452
Types of Feed	454
Pediatric Equine Nutrition and Care	455
Energy Requirement	456
Critical Care Nutrition	458
Enteral Nutrition	458
Parenteral Nutrition	459
References	461
Index	463