Pain Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses 2nd Edition

Contents
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Advancing Veterinary Pain Management into a New Era
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief History of Human Pain Management
1.3 Veterinary Pain Management Through the Centuries
1.4 Animal Research Contributions
1.5 History of Animal Nursing Staff
1.6 Eyewitness to 50 Years of Changes for Veterinary Technicians
1.7 Veterinary Technician Pioneers in Pain Management
1.8 Future Directions for Veterinary Technician Pain Management
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Careers in Animal Pain Management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pain Management Certifications Available for Veterinary Technicians/Nurses
2.3 Leveraging Veterinary Technicians in Pain Management
2.4 Conclusion
3 Pain Physiology and Psychology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What Is “Pain”
3.3 Breaking Down the Nociceptive Pathway
3.4 The Endocannabinoid System and Pain
3.5 The Gate Control Theory
3.6 Psychological Aspects of Pain
3.7 Types of Pain
3.8 The Microbiome and Pain Pathophysiology
References
4 Integrating Pain Recognition and Scoring in Companion, Equine, Food and Fiber Species, and Exotic/Lab Animal Species
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pain Domains
4.3 Disposition and Personality
4.4 Breed or Species Bias
4.5 Dysphoria, Emergence Agitation, and Emergence Delirium
4.6 Placebo, Caregiver Placebo, and Placebo‐by‐Proxy
4.7 Non–species‐specific Assessments
4.8 Clinical Pain Scoring Tools (Canine and Feline)
4.9 Bovids
4.10 Small Ruminants and Camelids
4.11 Swine
4.12 Equid Pain Recognition and Scoring
4.13 Exotic Species Pain Recognition and Scoring
4.14 Reptiles
4.15 Amphibians and Fish
4.16 Small Exotic Mammals
References
5 Analgesia Pharmacology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Definitions
5.3 Analgesic Drugs
5.4 Opioids
5.5 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
5.6 Corticosteroids
5.7 Cannabinoids
5.8 Local Anesthetics
5.9 Gabapeninoids
5.10 Alpha‐2 Agonists
5.11 N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate (NMDA) Antagonists
5.12 Neurokinin‐1 Inhibitors
5.13 Bisphosphonates
5.14 Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
5.15 Frunevetmab (Solensia®) and Bedinvetmab (Librela®)
5.16 Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs)
5.17 Dipyrone (Metamizole)
5.18 Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), and Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
5.19 Acepromazine
5.20 Trazodone
References
6 Regional Anesthesia and Local Blocks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Current Drug Options for Regional Anesthesia and Nerve Blocks
6.3 Dental and Facial Regional/Local Anesthesia
6.4 Dentistry and Facial Blocking Techniques
6.5 Common Regional and Local Anesthetic Techniques: Less Specified
6.6 Regional and Local Blocks of the Thorax and Abdomen
6.7 Blocks of the Limbs
6.8 Common Equine Techniques
6.9 Common Production Animal Techniques
References
7 Analgesia for Acute Pain
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fear, Anxiety, and Stress in the Acute Pain Response
7.3 Multimodal Therapies
7.4 Types of Acute Pain
7.5 Creating an Effective Acute Pain Analgesic Plan
7.6 Analgesia Plans for Painful Procedures
7.7 Orthopedic Procedures
7.8 Postoperative Patient Evaluation
7.9 Management of Painful Dermatologic Conditions
7.10 Conclusion
References
8 Analgesia for the Pregnant, Neonatal, and Pediatric Patient
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Postoperative Analgesia
8.3 Anesthesia and Analgesia Case Management for a Cesarean Section
8.4 Pain Management for Neonates and Pediatrics
References
9 Analgesia in the Emergency and Critical Care Setting
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Treating Pain in the Emergency and Critical Care Veterinary Patient
9.3 Evaluating Pain in ER and ICU Patients
9.4 Nursing Care and the Role of Pain Management in Kirby's Rule of 20
9.5 Pain and the Physiological Stress Response: A Summary
9.6 Sleep Deprivation
9.7 Windup Pain in the ER
9.8 Techniques and Nuances for Analgesic Delivery in the Emergency Room
9.9 Common Painful Conditions in the ER/ICU Setting
9.10 Conclusion
References
10 Chronic Pain Management for the Companion Animal
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Complexity of Chronic Pain
10.3 Neuropathic Pain
10.4 Common Chronic Pain Conditions
10.5 Assessing Chronic Pain
10.6 Goals and Modalities for Treating Chronic Pain
10.7 Pharmacological Interventions
10.8 Lifestyle Modifications
10.9 Conclusion
References
11 Analgesia for Shelter Medicine and Trap–Neuter–Return Programs
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Multimodal Analgesia
11.3 HQHVSN and TNR Programs
11.4 Rabbits
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Pain Management in Equids
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pain Assessment in Horses
12.3 Common Analgesics and Strategies in Horses
12.4 Lidocaine Use in Horses
12.5 Common Painful Conditions and Procedures in Horses
12.6 Analgesia in Foals
12.7 Pain Management in the Donkey
12.8 Nonpharmacologic Approaches to Pain
12.9 Conclusion
References
13 Food and Fiber Species
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cattle
13.3 Sheep (Ovine) and Goat (Caprine) Medications
13.4 Pain Management for Camelids
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Exotic Companion Animals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Why Treat Pain?
14.3 Rabbits
14.4 Rodents and Ferrets
14.5 Multimodal Analgesia: All Species
14.6 Avian Analgesia
14.7 Reptile Analgesia
14.8 Analgesia in Fish and Amphibians
14.9 Analgesia in Invertebrates
14.10 Conclusion
References
15 Analgesia in Zoo Animals
15.1 Veterinary Technicians in a Zoological Setting
15.2 Recognizing Pain in Non‐domestic Animals
15.3 Treatment
15.4 Medication Administration
15.5 Adjunctive Therapies
15.6 Choosing a Pain Regimen
15.7 Taxon‐specific Considerations
15.8 Conclusion
References
16 Physical Rehabilitation
16.1 Scope of Training for the Team
16.2 The Veterinary Technician and Physical Rehabilitation
16.3 Client Communication and Activity Modification
16.4 Patient Assessment
16.5 Patient Management
16.6 Therapeutic Modalities and Emerging Treatments
16.7 Manual Therapy and Myofascial Trigger Points
16.8 Emerging Therapeutic Medical Interventions
16.9 Therapeutic Exercise and Aquatic Therapy
17 Nutrition and Integrative Medicine
17.1 Nutrition – The 5th Vital Assessment
17.2 Microbiota Health
17.3 Cannabinoid Medicine
17.4 The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) and Endocannabinoidome (eCBome)
17.5 Cannabinoid Role in Pain Management
17.6 Cannabis Safety and the Veterinary Technicians Role in Client Education
17.7 Harm Reduction Education (HRE)
17.8 Acupuncture
17.9 Supplements for Pain Management
17.10 Conclusion
References
18 Pain Management for End‐of‐Life Care
18.1 Hospice and Palliative Care
18.2 Technicians' Roles in a Hospice and Palliative Care Practice
18.3 Euthanasia and Analgesia for the Dying Patient
18.4 Support for the Family of the Dying Patient
18.5 Conclusion
References
19 Selected Case Studies in Analgesia
Index