Small Animal Toxicology Essentials

Contents:
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgement
Section 1: Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Toxicology
1 General Toxicologic Principles
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF TOXICANTS
SPECTRUM OF UNDESIRED EFFECTS
INTERACTION OF CHEMICALS
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPOSURE
DOSE–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY
TOXICOKINETICS
REFERENCES
2 Incidence of Poisoning in Small Animals
INTRODUCTION
DEMOGRAPHICS
AGENTS
SIGNS AND OUTCOMES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3 Toxicology Information Resources
INTRODUCTION
EVALUATION OF RESOURCES
TYPES OF RESOURCES
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
4 Taking a Toxicologic History
INTRODUCTION
PATIENT PRESENTATION
MEDICAL RECORD
TELEPHONE TRIAGE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
5 Essential Calculations
INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGY
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: TAKING A HISTORY
ESSENTIAL CONVERSIONS
ESSENTIAL SOLUTIONS
REFERENCES
6 Initial Management of Acute Intoxications
TELEPHONE TRIAGE
HOSPITAL PRESENTATION
VASCULAR ACCESS
DIAGNOSTICS
INITIAL DECONTAMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
7 Decontamination Procedures
SOURCES
CLINICAL EFFECTS
MANAGEMENT OF EXPOSURES
PROGNOSIS
REFERENCES
8 Antidotes
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL ANTIDOTES
PHARMACOLOGICAL ANTIDOTES
FUNCTIONAL ANTIDOTES
REFERENCES
9 Most Deadly Toxins; Investigating Fatal Suspected Poisonings
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES OF SUDDEN DEATH
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
10 Toxicologic Testing and Using Diagnostic Laboratories
SOURCES
DIAGNOSTICS
MANAGEMENT OF EXPOSURES
REFERENCES
Section 2: A Systems-Affected Approach to Toxicology
11 Nervous System
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MECHANISMS OF TOXICOLOGIC INJURY
PATTERNS OF TOXICOLOGIC INJURY
HEALING AND REPAIR
REFERENCES
12 Cardiovascular System
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MECHANISMS OF TOXIC INJURY TO THE HEART
PATTERNS OF TOXIC INJURY TO THE HEART
CARDIOTOXIC AGENTS
MECHANISMS OF TOXIC INJURY TO THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
13 Pulmonary System
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT INJURY
REFERENCES
14 Hepatobiliary System
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MECHANISMS OF TOXICOLOGIC INJURY
PATTERNS OF TOXICOLOGIC INJURY
HEALING AND REPAIR
REFERENCES
15 Urinary System
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MECHANISMS OF TOXICOLOGICAL INJURY
PATTERNS OF TOXICOLOGICAL INJURY
HEALING AND REPAIR OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
REFERENCES
16 Other Systems
INTRODUCTION
ALIMENTARY TRACT
HEMATOPOIETIC
INTEGUMENTARY
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Section 3: Specific Toxicants
17 Rodenticides
INTRODUCTION
ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES
BROMETHALIN
CHOLECALCIFEROL
STRYCHNINE
ZINC PHOSPHIDE
REFERENCES
18 Insecticides
INTRODUCTION
AMITRAZ
ISOXAZOLINES
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS
NEONICOTINOIDS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
19 Other Pesticides
INTRODUCTION
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTICIDES AND REPELLANTS
FUNGICIDES
HERBICIDES
MOLLUSCIDES
LARGE PREDATOR CONTROL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
20 Plants
INTRODUCTION
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
LIVER
URINARY SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
MULTISYSTEMIC EFFECTS
NONTOXIC PLANTS
REFERENCES
INTERNET RESOURCES
21 Dietary Supplements and Herbs
INTRODUCTION
SYMPATHOMIMETICS
METHYLXANTHINES
HYPOGLYCEMICS
MISCELLANEOUS HERBS
ESSENTIAL OILS
HERBS AND PETS
REFERENCES
22 Metals and Minerals
INTRODUCTION
ARSENIC
FLUORIDE
IRON
LEAD
MERCURY
ZINC
REFERENCES
23 Prescription Drugs
INTRODUCTION
ALBUTEROL
AMPHETAMINES
ANTIDEPRESSANTS/ANXIOLYTICS
BACLOFEN
CARDIAC DRUGS
5‐FLUOROURACIL
ORAL DIABETIC MEDICATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
24 Over‐the‐Counter Drugs
INTRODUCTION
ACETAMINOPHEN
ANTIHISTAMINES
ASPIRIN AND OTHER SALICYLATES
COMMON DECONGESTANTS
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY MEDICATIONS
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE
VITAMINS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
25 Illicit Drugs and Drugs of Abuse
INTRODUCTION
ALCOHOL
AMPHETAMINES
BARBITURATES
BENZODIAZEPINES
COCAINE
ECSTASY
GHB
LSD
MARIJUANA
NICOTINE
OPIATES AND OPIOIDS
PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS
SALVIA
NEWER PSYCOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
REFERENCES
26 Zootoxins
INTRODUCTION
HYMENOPTERA: BEES, WASPS, AND HORNETS
HYMENOPTERA: IMPORTED FIRE ANTS
TOADS
REFERENCES
27 Food‐Associated Intoxications
INTRODUCTION
ALLIUM SPECIES
AVOCADO
GRAPES AND RAISINS
MACADAMIA NUTS
METHYLXANTHINES
TREMORGENIC MYCOTOXINS
ETHANOL
YEAST DOUGH
XYLITOL
REFERENCES
28 Mycotoxins and Mushrooms
INTRODUCTION
MUSHROOMS CAUSING GASTROINTESTINAL SIGNS
MUSCARINIC MUSHROOMS
HALLUCINOGENIC MUSHROOMS
IBOTENIC ACID AND MUSCIMOL‐CONTAINING MUSHROOMS
GYROMITRIN‐CONTAINING MUSHROOMS
HEPATOTOXIC MUSHROOMS
MYCOTOXINS
AFLATOXINS
VOMITOXIN OR DEOXYNIVALENOL (DON)
T‐2, HT‐2, AND DIACETOXYSCIRPENOL
OTHERS
REFERENCES
29 Household and Industrial Toxicants
INTRODUCTION
ALCOHOLS
GLYCOLS
BRAKE FLUID AND GLYCOL ETHERS
ACIDS
ALKALIS
DETERGENTS
BLEACH
PHENOLS
ESSENTIAL OILS
ISOCYANATE ADHESIVES
DEICING SALTS
REFERENCES
30 Miscellaneous Toxicants
INTRODUCTION
PETROLEUM‐BASED TOXICANTS
FERTILIZERS
MULCH
COMPOST PILES
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES
FIRE LOGS
MATCHES
FIREWORKS AND FLARES
EXPLOSIVES
PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRANITRATE (PETN or PENTRHITE)
DYNAMITE
2,4,6‐TRINITROTOLUENE
PAINT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Appendices
Appendix 1: Drugs Used in Toxicology
REFERENCES
Appendix 2: Additional Toxic Plants and Associated System‐Based Effects
GASTROINTESTINAL
CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR
RENAL
LIVER DAMAGE
EMACIATION, ASCITES, EDEMA OF DEPENDENT EXTREMITIES; JAUNDICE; HEPATOENCEPHALOPATHY
CONTACT DERMATITIS, EYE IRRITANTS, ALLERGENS
SUDDEN DEATH
Appendix 3: Plants Not Reported to be Toxic
Index