Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging
Publikace je kompletní reference o použití diagnostického zobrazování ve veterinární stomatologii a interpretaci diagnostiky orální dutiny psů, koček, exotických mazlíčků, zoologických zvířat a koní v běžné stomatologické a ústní chirurgické veterinární praxi. Poskytuje návod na polohování pacientů, techniky a interpretace diagnostických zobrazení v dutině ústní s více než 600 vysoce kvalitními stomatologickými diagnostickými snímky ukazující normální a abnormální anatomii. Publikace obsahuje také pokročilé modality, jako např. MRI, CT a CT s kuželovým paprskem. Publikace je základním zdrojem informací pro každého veterináře poskytujícího stomatologické služby na svém pracovišti.
Publikace zahrnuje kapitoly o:
historii, fyziologii a indikaci k diagnostickému zobrazování dutiny ústní s informacemi o diagnostického zobrazování a vytváření rentgenových snímků,
digitálním dentálním radiografickém polohování a značení snímků, s využitím paralelní techniky, půlícího úhlu,
radiografických chybách při polohování a labiální montáži,
anatomii zahrnující normální rentgenovou anatomii, chrup a číslování zubů,
dočasných a trvalých zubech psích a kočičích pacientů,
vzorcích prořezávání psů a koček, které byly pozorovány při neobvyklých radiologických patologiích,
standardním zobrazování, radiografická anatomii a interpretaci koňských pacientů, stejně jako exotických domácích a zoo zvířat.
Autor: BL Mulherin
| Nakladatel | Wiley-Blackwell |
|---|---|
| ISBN | 9781119780502 |
| Vydání | 2023 |
| Vazba | pevná |
| Počet stran | 448 |
Complete reference on using diagnostic imaging in veterinary dentistry and interpreting diagnostic images in dogs, cats, exotic pets, zoological animals, and horses. Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging offers veterinary clinicians a complete guide to using diagnostic imaging for common dentistry and oral surgery procedures in a veterinary practice. It provides guidance on positioning, techniques, and interpreting diagnostic images in the oral cavity, with more than 600 high-quality dental diagnostic images showing both normal anatomy and pathology for comparison. Focusing on dental radiography in dogs, cats, exotic pets, zoological animals, and horses, the book also includes advanced modalities such as
MRI, CT, and cone beam CT.
Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging covers:
History, physiology, and indications for diagnostic imaging of the oral cavity, with information on the history of diagnostic imaging and radiographic image creation.
Digital dental radiographic positioning and image labeling, covering the parallel technique, bisecting angle, radiographic positioning errors, and labial mounting.
Interpretation of anatomy, covering normal radiographic anatomy, dentition and tooth numbers, deciduous and permanent teeth of canine and feline patients, eruption patterns and common and uncommon radiographic pathology observed in these animals. Standard imaging, radiographic anatomy, and interpretation of equine patients, as well as exotic pocket
pets and zoological animals. Focusing on the fundamentals of dental radiographic imaging, interpretation, and applications to the oral cavity,
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Brenda L. Mulherin, DVM, Diplomate AVDC, is a Clinical Professor with the Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine in Ames, Iowa, USA.
| List of Contributors | XV |
| Preface | XVII |
| Acknowledgments | XIX |
| Chapter 1 History, Physiology, Modality Options, and Safety for Diagnostic Imaging of the Oral Cavity | 1 |
| History of Diagnostic Imaging | 1 |
| Discovery of X-rays | 1 |
| Developing of Safety Measures | 1 |
| Shortening of Exposure Time | 1 |
| Glass Plates to Film | 1 |
| Progression to Digital | 2 |
| Philosophy of Diagnostic Imaging | 2 |
| Choosing the Appropriate Modality | 2 |
| Ability to Interpret Findings | 3 |
| Radiographic Indications | 3 |
| Documentation of Disease | 3 |
| Value of Full Mouth Radiography | 3 |
| American Animal Hospital Association Guidelines Regarding Dental Radiography | 3 |
| Intraoral Dental Radiographic Equipment | 3 |
| Generators | 3 |
| Wall Mount units | 4 |
| Handheld Units | 4 |
| Mobile Units/Castor Mounted Units | 4 |
| Film | 4 |
| Standard Film | 5 |
| Digital Image Acquisition | 6 |
| Radiographic Imaging | 7 |
| Basic Unit of an X-ray | 7 |
| Milliamperes (mA), Kilovoltage peak (kVp), and Exposure Time | 8 |
| Radiographic Densities | 9 |
| Radiopaque | 9 |
| Radiolucent | 9 |
| Digital Image Creation | 10 |
| Creation of a Digital Image | 10 |
| Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Format (DICOM) | 10 |
| Pixels | 10 |
| Advanced Imaging Modalities | 10 |
| Computed Tomography | 10 |
| Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT) | 12 |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 13 |
| Definitions Related to Imaging Modalities | 13 |
| Sagittal Plane | 13 |
| Transverse Plane | 13 |
| Dorsal Plane | 14 |
| Computed Tomography Window Width and Window Level | 14 |
| Window Width | 15 |
| Window Level | 15 |
| Other Common Viewing Windows | 16 |
| Bone Window | 16 |
| Soft Tissue Window | 16 |
| Radiation Safety | 16 |
| Radiation Safety Apparel | 16 |
| Collimation | 16 |
| As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) | 17 |
| Time, Distance, and Shielding | 17 |
| Time | 17 |
| Distance | 17 |
| Shielding | 17 |
| Radiation Safety Equipment Inspection | 17 |
| Protective apparel | 17 |
| Care of Radiation Safety Equipment | 18 |
| Radiation Safety Inspection Protocol | 19 |
| References | 20 |
| Chapter 2 Digital Dental Radiographic Positioning and Image Labeling | 23 |
| Benefits of Proper Positioning | 23 |
| Practicing Techniques | 23 |
| Use of Position Indicating Device (PID) | 23 |
| Positioning Techniques | 24 |
| Patient Positioning | 24 |
| Sternal Recumbency | 25 |
| Lateral Recumbency | 25 |
| Dorsal Recumbency | 25 |
| Sensor/Plate/Film Placement | 26 |
| Basic Positioning of Sensor | 27 |
| Eliminating Unused Film Space | 29 |
| Visualization of the Crown and Space Apical to the Root | 29 |
| Intra Oral Parallel Technique | 30 |
| Ideal Radiographic Technique | 30 |
| Placement of Sensor for Parallel Technique | 31 |
| Size Matters | 31 |
| Alternative Positioning | 32 |
| Parallel Technique for Cats | 32 |
| Intra Oral Bisecting Angle Technique | 32 |
| Plane of the Tooth, Film, and the Angel that Bisects | 32 |
| Shadow Game: Elongation, Foreshortening, and the Bisecting Angle | 32 |
| Axis of the Sensor, the Tooth and the PID | 33 |
| Positioning of the Patient Matters | 35 |
| Anatomical Variations | 36 |
| Uses of the Bisecting Angle Technique | 36 |
| Occlusal Technique | 37 |
| Feline Maxillary Premolar and Molar Teeth | 37 |
| Extraoral Technique | 37 |
| “Almost Parallel” or “Near Parallel” Technique | 39 |
| Maxillary Premolars and Molar in Cats | 39 |
| Decrease Superimposition of Zygomatic Arch | 39 |
| Localization of Palatal Roots | 39 |
| Techniques for Imaging Caudal Teeth in Small Patients | 43 |
| Technique Errors | 44 |
| Foreshortening and Elongation | 44 |
| Cone Cutting | 46 |
| Missing the Apex | 47 |
| Overexposed and Underexposed | 49 |
| Artifacts | 50 |
| Repeat Radiographs | 51 |
| Conclusion | 52 |
| References | 53 |
| Chapter 3 Interpretation of Normal Radiographic Anatomy | 55 |
| Value of Intraoral Radiographic Imaging | 55 |
| Value of Radiographs in dogs | 55 |
| Value of Radiographs in Cats | 55 |
| Quality of images | 56 |
| Exposure Artifacts | 56 |
| Positioning Techniques | 56 |
| Paralel Technique | 56 |
| Bisecting Angle Techniques | 56 |
| Positioning Artifacts | 56 |
| Elongation | 56 |
| Foreshortening | 56 |
| Cone Cutting | 56 |
| Missing the Apex | 57 |
| Mounting of Standard Dental Radiographs | 57 |
| Types of Mounting | 57 |
| Labial Mounting | 57 |
| Lingual Mounting | 57 |
| Labial Mounting of Standard Dental Radiographic Film | 57 |
| Lingual Mounting of Standard Film | 57 |
| Digital Radiographic Mounting | 58 |
| Labial Mounting- Positioning of Teeth | 59 |
| Determining Maxilla from Mandible | 59 |
| Determining Right from Left | 59 |
| Modified Triadan Numbering System | 62 |
| Deciduous vs Permanent Teeth | 65 |
| Eruption Patterns | 65 |
| Mixed Dentition | 66 |
| Interpretation of Images | 70 |
| Tooth Root Numbers | 75 |
| Maxillary Teeth | 75 |
| Mandibular Teeth | 77 |
| Evaluation of the Structures | 82 |
| Crown | 84 |
| Enamel | 84 |
| Pulp | 84 |
| Dentin | 86 |
| Root | 90 |
| Root Formation | 92 |
| Cementum | 92 |
| Abnormalities associated with Cementum | 92 |
| Periodontal Ligament | 92 |
| Chevron | 94 |
| Missing or Supernumerary Teeth | 98 |
| Supernumerary Roots | 99 |
| Reduced Number of Roots and Root Malformations | 101 |
| Developmental Root Abnormalities | 101 |
| Fusion | 101 |
| Concrescence | 101 |
| Gemination | 101 |
| Bone | 105 |
| Bone Loss | 105 |
| Horizontal Bone Loss | 105 |
| Vertical Bone Loss | 105 |
| Furcation Bone Loss | 105 |
| Interpretation of Radiographic Shadows | 105 |
| Nomenclature | 107 |
| Mesial | 107 |
| Distal | 108 |
| Lingual | 108 |
| Palatal | 108 |
| Coronal | 109 |
| Apical | 109 |
| Facial | 109 |
| Buccal | 109 |
| Vestibular | 109 |
| Labial | 109 |
| Occlusal | 109 |
| Diagrams of Normal Radiographic Anatomy of the Dog and Cat | 109 |
| Where to Begin? | 109 |
| Conclusion | 110 |
| References | 117 |
| Chapter 4 Interpretation of Common Oral Pathology in the Canine Patient | 119 |
| Periodontal Disease | 119 |
| Stages of Periodontal Disease | 120 |
| Types of Bone Loss | 123 |
| Horizontal Bone Loss | 123 |
| Vertical Bone Loss | 123 |
| Furcation Bone Loss | 124 |
| Supernumerary Roots and Teeth | 129 |
| Canine Tooth Resorption | 131 |
| Types of Tooth Resorption | 132 |
| External Surface Resorption | 132 |
| External Replacement Resorption | 132 |
| External Inflammatory Resorption | 132 |
| External Cervical Root Surface Resorption | 132 |
| Treatment of Tooth Resorption | 134 |
| Odontogenic Cysts | 135 |
| Dentigerous Cysts | 135 |
| Periapical Cysts | 137 |
| Treatment for Odontogenic Cysts | 138 |
| Tooth Fractures | 138 |
| Root fractures | 142 |
| Retained Tooth Roots | 142 |
| Endodontic Disease | 143 |
| Etiology | 143 |
| Radiographic Signs of Endodontic Disease | 148 |
| Widened Periodontal Ligament Space | 148 |
| Loss of Lamina Dura | 148 |
| Periapical Lucency | 148 |
| External and Internal Root Resorption | 149 |
| Widened Pulp Canal | 150 |
| Pulp Canal Calcification | 150 |
| Apical Periodontitis | 151 |
| Acute Apical Abscess | 151 |
| Chronic Apical Absces | 152 |
| Endodontic Therapy | 154 |
| Root Canal Therapy | 154 |
| Vital Pulp Therapy | 156 |
| Attrition and Abrasion | 157 |
| Eruption Abnormalities | 159 |
| Persistent Deciduous Teeth | 159 |
| Unerupted Teeth | 162 |
| Abnormal Eruption | 163 |
| Conclusion | 165 |
| References | 165 |
| Chapter 5 Interpretation of Common Oral Pathology in the Feline Patient | 167 |
| Periodontal Disease | 167 |
| Types of Bone Loss | 168 |
| Buccal Alveolar Expansile Osteitis (BAEO) | 168 |
| Tooth Resorption | 168 |
| Stages of Periodontal Disease | 177 |
| Stages of Tooth Resorption | 177 |
| Type of Tooth Resorption | 180 |
| Criteria for Performing Crown Amputation/Intentional Root Resorption | 180 |
| Supraeruption/Extrusion | 185 |
| Osteomyelitis and Osteitis | 185 |
| Retained Tooth Roots | 187 |
| Endodontic Disease | 187 |
| Conclusion | 190 |
| References | 198 |
| Chapter 6 Oral Surgery: Neoplasia and Cystic Conditions | 199 |
| Radiographic indications of neoplasia (benign and malignant) | 199 |
| Benign oral tumors | 200 |
| Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma (CAA) | 200 |
| Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma (POF) | 200 |
| Feline Inductive Odontogenic Tumor (FIOT) | 201 |
| Malignant oral tumors | 201 |
| Nontonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) | 201 |
| Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PSCC) | 203 |
| Oral Malignant Melanoma (MM) | 204 |
| Fibrosarcoma (FSA) | 206 |
| Osteosarcoma (OSA) | 206 |
| Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) | 208 |
| Radiographic indications of cystic conditions | 209 |
| Dentigerous Cyst | 209 |
| Radicular Cyst | 212 |
| Canine Furcation Cyst | 213 |
| Surgical Ciliated Cyst | 213 |
| Lateral Periodontal Cyst | 213 |
| Odontogenic Keratocyst/Canine Odontogenic Parakeratinized Cyst | 216 |
| Compound and complex odontomas | 216 |
| Limitations of dental radiography for neoplasia | 216 |
| Conclusion | 230 |
| References | 230 |
| Chapter 7 Interpretation of Uncommon Pathology in the Canine and Feline Patient | 235 |
| Introduction | 235 |
| Unicommon conditions with predilection for canine patients | 235 |
| Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO) | 235 |
| Idiopathic Calvarial Hyperostosis | 237 |
| Periostitis Ossificans (PO) | 237 |
| Malformed Roots/Root Hypoplasia | 238 |
| Dens invaginatus/Dens in Dente | 240 |
| Uncommon conditions observed in both canine and feline patients | 245 |
| Masticatory Myositis | 245 |
| Pulp Stones and Denticles | 246 |
| Osteosclerosis | 247 |
| Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | 248 |
| Enamel Pearls | 252 |
| Uncommon conditions with predilection for feline patients | 253 |
| Dentition Abnormalities | 253 |
| Fused Roots | 254 |
| Supernumerary Roots | 256 |
| Supernumerary Teeth | 257 |
| Abnormal Eruption | 257 |
| Unerupted Teeth | 258 |
| Patellar Fracture and Dental Anomaly Syndrome (PADS) or Knees and Teeth Syndrome | 258 |
| Conclussion | 262 |
| Ancknowledgment | 262 |
| References | 262 |
| Chapter 8 Diagnostic Imaging of Exotic Pet Mammals and Zoo Animals | 265 |
| Dental Diagnostic Imaging for Non-Traditional (Exotic) Animals | 265 |
| General considerations for Exotic Companion Mammals | 266 |
| Restraint | 266 |
| Knowledge of normal anatomy | 266 |
| General Positioning and Projection Recommendations | 267 |
| Standard Radiography | 267 |
| Standard Radiographic Positions | 267 |
| Lateral and dorsoventral | 268 |
| Oblique Views | 270 |
| Rostrocaudal | 271 |
| Intraoral radiographs | 272 |
| Intraoral films used extraorally | 275 |
| Magnification techniques | 275 |
| Anatomical variations | 275 |
| Rabbits | 275 |
| Guinea Pigs and Chinchillas | 276 |
| Rats, Mice, Hamsters, Gerbils and other commonly kept rodent pets | 283 |
| Ferrets | 287 |
| African Pygmy Hedgehogs | 287 |
| Sugar Gliders | 289 |
| Prairie dogs | 293 |
| Captive Non-domestic or “Wild” Mammals | 293 |
| Small Zoologic species | 293 |
| Non-human Primates | 293 |
| Carnivores | 297 |
| Radiographic Positioning and Techniques in Captive Animals | 297 |
| Animal Training | 300 |
| Other Dental Conditions in Zoologic Animals | 304 |
| Trauma | 304 |
| Attrition | 304 |
| Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (MPPD) | 304 |
| Molar Progression | 308 |
| Advanced Diagnostic Imaging in Exotic Pet Mammals and Zoo Animals | 308 |
| Standard Computed Tomography | 308 |
| Cone Beam Computed Tomography | 312 |
| Micro-Computed Tomography | 316 |
| Considerations for Computed Tomography | 321 |
| Conclusion | 326 |
| Acknowledgmwnt | 327 |
| References | 327 |
| Chapter 9 Diagnostic Imaging and Interpretation of the Equine Patient | 331 |
| Introduction to Equine Dental Radiographs | 331 |
| Radiation Safety | 331 |
| Radiographic Systems | 331 |
| Direct Digital Radiographic System | 331 |
| Computed Tomography | 331 |
| Standard Radiographic System | 331 |
| Radiographic Technique | 331 |
| Guidelines for Radiographic Views | 331 |
| Concepts to Understand | 331 |
| Directing the Primary Beam Through the Interproximal Spaces | 333 |
| Open Mouth Oblique Cheek Teeth Projections | 334 |
| Radiographic Views | 334 |
| Lateral View | 334 |
| Dorsoventral View | 336 |
| Ventral Dorsal Oblique Projection of maxillary cheek teeth | 340 |
| Ventral Dorsal Oblique Projection of the mandibular cheek teeth | 340 |
| Dorsal Ventral Oblique Projection of the mandibular cheek teeth | 340 |
| Occlusal Intraoral View of the maxillary incisors and canines | 340 |
| Occlusal Intraoral View of the mandibular incisors and canines | 343 |
| Evaluation of an Image | 346 |
| Labial mounting | 346 |
| Radiographic anatomy | 347 |
| Radiographic changes in dental disease | 350 |
| Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) | 352 |
| Apical infections | 352 |
| Periodontal disease | 354 |
| Sinusitis | 356 |
| Neoplasia | 357 |
| Other Common abnormalities | 358 |
| Conclusion | 360 |
| References | 372 |
| Chapter 10 Advanced Imaging of the Veterinary Patient | 373 |
| Introduction to the use of advanced imaging techniques in the maxillofacial region | 373 |
| Choosing Advanced Imaging | 373 |
| Determining Between MRI or CT | 373 |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 373 |
| Technical principles of MRI | 373 |
| T1 and T2 Weighted Sequences | 374 |
| Other MRI Sequences | 375 |
| Indications for use of MRI over CT in the maxillofacial region | 376 |
| Temporomandibular joint disease | 376 |
| Salivary gland disease | 376 |
| Abnormalities in the muscles of mastication and inability to open/close mouth | 376 |
| Conclusions on the clinical indication for use of MRI | 377 |
| Computed Tomography (CT) | 379 |
| Technical principles of Multi-Detector CT (MDCT) | 380 |
| Technical principles of Cone Beam CT (CBCT) | 382 |
| Viewing CT images | 383 |
| Differences in imaging characteristics between CBCT and MDCT | 387 |
| Spatial resolution | 387 |
| Soft tissue imaging | 387 |
| Artifacts | 389 |
| Other impactful differences in practical use between MDCT and CBCT | 389 |
| Indications for use of either MDCT or CBCT in the maxillofacial region | 389 |
| Maxillofacial trauma | 389 |
| Bony pathology | 390 |
| Osteomyelitis/osteonecrosis | 390 |
| Fibro-osseous disease | 390 |
| Osseous neoplasia | 391 |
| Clefts | 392 |
| Indications for MDCT only (not CBCT) in the maxillofacial region | 395 |
| Oral neoplasia with a soft tissue component | 395 |
| Soft tissue pathology | 395 |
| Indications for CBCT only (not MDCT) in the maxillofacial region | 395 |
| Dentoalveolar trauma | 396 |
| Periodontal disease | 396 |
| Endodontic disease | 396 |
| Tooth resorption | 399 |
| Diagnosis and treatment of missing teeth | 401 |
| Conclusions on the clinical indication for use of CBCT versus MDCT | 402 |
| References | 402 |
| Index | 407 |