Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging
Publikace je kompletní reference o použití diagnostického zobrazování ve veterinární stomatologii a interpretaci diagnostiky orální dutiny psů, koček, exotických mazlíčků, zoologických zvířat a koní. Publikace je kompletní průvodce používáním diagnostického zobrazování v běžné stomatologické a ústní chirurgické veterinární praxi. Poskytuje návod na polohování pacientů, techniky a interpretace diagnostických zobrazení v dutině ústní s více než 600 vysoce kvalitními stomatologickými diagnostickými snímky ukazující normální a abnormální anatomii. Obsah je zaměřena na rentgenologii u psů, koček, exotických domácích zvířat, zoologických zvířat a koní. Publikace obsahuje také pokročilé modality, jako např. MRI, CT a CT s kuželovým paprskem.
Publikace zahrnuje:
Historii, fyziologii a indikace k diagnostickému zobrazování dutiny ústní s informacemi o diagnostického zobrazování a vytváření rentgenových snímků.
Digitální dentální radiografické polohování a značení snímků, s využitím paralelní techniky, půlícího úhlu, radiografické chyby při polohování a labiální montáži.
Kapitoly o anatomii zahrnující normální rentgenovou anatomii, chrup a číslování zubů,
Dočasné a trvalé zuby psích a kočičích pacientů, vzorce prořezávání běžné u těchto zvířat, které byly pozorovány při neobvyklých radiologických patologiích.
Standardní zobrazování, radiografická anatomie a interpretace koňských pacientů, stejně jako exotické domácích zvířat a zoo zvířat. Publikace se zaměřuje na základy dentálního radiografického zobrazování, interpretaci a aplikaci v dutině ústní. Publikace je základním zdrojem pro každého veterináře poskytujícího stomatologické služby na svém pracovišti.
Autor: BL Mulherin
| Nakladatel | Wiley-Blackwell |
|---|---|
| ISBN | 9781119780502 |
| Vydání | 2023 |
| Vazba | pevná |
| Počet stran | 448 |
Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging
Complete reference on using diagnostic imaging in veterinary dentistry and interpreting diagnostic
images in dogs, cats, exotic pets, zoological animals, and horses
Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging offers veterinary clinicians a complete guide to using diagnostic imaging for
common dentistry and oral surgery procedures in a veterinary practice. It provides guidance on positioning,
techniques, and interpreting diagnostic images in the oral cavity, with more than 600 high-quality dental
diagnostic images showing both normal anatomy and pathology for comparison. Focusing on dental radiography
in dogs, cats, exotic pets, zoological animals, and horses, the book also includes advanced modalities such as
MRI, CT, and cone beam CT.
Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging covers:
History, physiology, and indications for diagnostic imaging of the oral cavity, with information on the
history of diagnostic imaging and radiographic image creation
Digital dental radiographic positioning and image labeling, covering the parallel technique, bisecting
angle, radiographic positioning errors, and labial mounting
Interpretation of anatomy, covering normal radiographic anatomy, dentition and tooth numbers,
deciduous and permanent teeth of canine and feline patients, eruption patterns and common and
uncommon radiographic pathology observed in these animals
Standard imaging, radiographic anatomy, and interpretation of equine patients, as well as exotic pocket
pets and zoological animals
Focusing on the fundamentals of dental radiographic imaging, interpretation, and applications to the oral cavity,
| List of Contributors | xv |
| Preface | xvii |
| Acknowledgements | xix |
| 1 History, Physiology, Modality Options, and Safety for Diagnostic Imaging of the Oral Cavity | 1 |
| History of Diagnostic Imaging | 1 |
| Discovery of X-rays | 1 |
| Developing of Safety Measures | 1 |
| Shortening of Exposure Time | 1 |
| Glass Plates to Film | 2 |
| Progression to Digital | 2 |
| Philosophy of Diagnostic Imaging | 2 |
| Choosing the Appropriate Modality | 2 |
| Ability to Interpret Findings | 3 |
| Radiographic Indications | 3 |
| Documentation of Disease | 3 |
| Value of Full-Mouth Radiography | 3 |
| American Animal Hospital Association Guidelines Regarding Dental Radiography | 3 |
| Intraoral Dental Radiographic Equipment | 3 |
| Generators | 3 |
| Wall-Mounted Units | 4 |
| Handheld Units | 4 |
| Mobile Units/Castor-Mounted Units | 4 |
| Film | 4 |
| Standard Film | 5 |
| Digital Image Acquisition | 6 |
| Radiographic Imaging | 7 |
| Basic Unit of an X-ray | 7 |
| Milliamperes (mA), Kilovoltage Peak (kVp), and Exposure Time | 8 |
| Radiographic Densities | 9 |
| Radiopaque | 9 |
| Radiolucent | 10 |
| Digital Image Creation | 10 |
| Creation of a Digital Image | 10 |
| Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Format (DICOM) | 10 |
| Pixels | 10 |
| Advanced Imaging Modalities | 10 |
| Computed Tomography | 10 |
| Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) | 12 Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| Definitions Relating to Imaging Modalities | 13 |
| Sagittal Plane | 13 |
| Transverse Plane | 13 |
| Dorsal Plane | 14 |
| Computed Tomography Window Width and Window Level | 14 |
| Window Width | 15 |
| Window Level | 15 |
| Other Common Viewing Windows | 16 |
| Bone Window | 16 |
| Soft Tissue Window | 16 |
| Radiation Safety | 16 |
| Radiation Safety Apparel | 16 |
| Collimation | 16 |
| As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) | 17 |
| Time, Distance, and Shielding | 17 |
| Time | 17 |
| Distance | 17 |
| Shielding | 17 |
| Radiation Safety Equipment Inspection | 17 |
| Protective Apparel | 17 |
| Care of Radiation Safety Equipment | 18 |
| Radiation Safety Inspection Protocol | 19 |
| References | 20 |
| 2 Digital Dental Radiographic Positioning and Image Labeling | 23 |
| Benefits to Proper Positioning | 23 |
| Practicing Techniques | 23 |
| Use of Position Indicating Device (PID) | 23 |
| Positioning Techniques | 24 |
| Patient Positioning | 24 |
| Sternal Recumbency | 25 |
| Dorsal Recumbency | 25 |
| Lateral Recumbency | 25 |
| Sensor/Phosphor Plate/Film Placement | 26 |
| Basic Positioning of Sensor | 27 |
| Eliminating Unused Film Space | 29 |
| Visualization of the Crown and Space Apical to Root | 29 |
| Intraoral Parallel Technique | 30 |
| Ideal Radiographic Technique | 30 |
| Placement of Sensor for Parallel Technique | 31 |
| Size Matters | 31 |
| Alternative Positioning | 32 |
| Parallel Technique for Cats | 32 |
| Intraoral Bisecting Angle Technique | 32 |
| Plane of the Tooth, Plane of the Film, and the Angle that Bisects | 32 |
| Shadow Game: Elongation, Foreshortening, and the Bisecting Angle | 32 |
| Axis of the Sensor, the Tooth, and the PID | 33 |
| Positioning of the Patient Matters | 35 |
| Anatomical Variations | 36 |
| Uses of the Bisecting Angle Technique | 36 |
| Occlusal Radiographic Technique | 37 |
| Feline Maxillary Premolar and Molar Teeth | 37 |
| Extraoral Technique | 37 |
| Localization of the Palatal Roots | 39 |
| Techniques for Imaging Caudal Teeth in Small Patients | 43 |
| Technique Errors | 44 |
| Foreshortening and Elongation | 44 |
| Cone Cutting | 46 |
| Missing the Apex | 47 |
| Overexposed or Underexposed | 49 |
| Artifacts | 50 |
| Repeat Radiographs | 51 |
| Conclusion | 52 |
| References | 53 |
| 3 Interpretation of Normal Radiographic Anatomy | 55 |
| Value of Intraoral Radiographic Imaging | 55 |
| Quality of Images | 56 |
| Exposure Artifacts | 56 |
| Positioning Techniques | 56 |
| Parallel Technique | 56 |
| Bisecting Angle Technique | 56 |
| Positioning Artifacts | 56 |
| Elongation | 56 |
| Foreshortening | 56 |
| Cone Cutting | 56 |
| Missing the Apex | 57 |
| Mounting of Standard Dental Radiographs | 57 |
| Types of Mounting | 57 |
| Labial Mounting | 57 |
| Lingual Mounting | 57 |
| Labial Mounting of Standard Dental Radiographic Film | 57 |
| Lingual Mounting of Standard Radiographic Film | 57 |
| Digital Radiographic Mounting | 58 |
| Labial Mounting-Positioning of Teeth | 59 Determining Maxilla from Mandible |
| Determining Right from Left | 59 |
| Modified Triadan Numbering System | 62 Deciduous versus Permanent Teeth |
| Eruption Patterns | 65 |
| Mixed Dentition | 66 |
| Interpretation of Images | 70 |
| Tooth Root Numbers | 75 |
| Maxillary Teeth | 75 |
| Mandibular Teeth | 77 |
| Evaluation of the Structures | 82 |
| Crown | 84 |
| Root | 90 |
| Bone | 105 |
| Interpretation of Radiographic Shadows | 105 |
| Nomenclature | 107 |
| Where to Begin? | 109 |
| Conclusion | 110 |
| References | 117 |
| 4 Interpretation of Common Oral Pathology in the Canine Patient | 119 |
| Periodontal Disease | 119 |
| Stages of PD | 120 |
| Types of Bone Loss | 123 |
| Horizontal Bone Loss | 123 |
| Vertical Bone Loss | 123 |
| Furcation Bone Loss | 124 |
| Supernumerary Roots and Teeth | 129 |
| Canine Tooth Resorption | 131 |
| Types of Tooth Resorption | 132 |
| External Tooth Resorption | 132 |
| External Surface Resorption | 132 |
| Internal Tooth Resorption | 134 |
| Treatment of Tooth Resorption | 134 |
| Odontogenic Cysts | 135 |
| Dentigerous Cysts | 135 |
| Periapical Cysts | 137 |
| Treatment for Odontogenic Cysts | 138 |
| Tooth Fractures | 138 |
| Root Fractures | 142 |
| Retained Tooth Roots | 142 |
| Endodontic Disease | 143 |
| Etiology | 143 |
| Radiographic Signs of Endodontic Disease | 148 |
| Widened PDL Space | 148 |
| Loss of Lamina Dura | 148 |
| Periapical Lucency | 148 |
| External and Internal Root Resorption | 149 |
| Widened Pulp Canal | 150 |
| Pulp Canal Calcification | 150 |
| Apical Periodontitis | 151 |
| Acute Apical Abscess | 151 |
| Chronic Apical Abscess | 152 |
| Endodontic Therapy | 154 |
| Root Canal Therapy | 154 |
| Vital Pulp Therapy | 156 |
| Attrition and Abrasion | 157 |
| Eruption Abnormalities | 159 |
| Persistent Deciduous Teeth | 159 |
| Unerupted Teeth | 162 |
| Abnormal Eruption | 163 |
| Conclusion | 165 |
| References | 165 |
| 5 Interpretation of Common Pathology in the Feline Patient | 167 |
| Periodontal Disease | 167 |
| Types of Bone Loss | 168 |
| Buccal Alveolar Expansile Osteitis (BAEO) | 168 |
| Tooth Resorption | 168 |
| Stages and Types of Feline Tooth Resorption | 177 |
| Stages of Tooth Resorption | 177 |
| Types of Tooth Resorption | 180 |
| Criteria for Performing Crown Amputation/Intentional Root Retention | 180 |
| Supraeruption/Extrusion | 185 |
| Osteomyelitis and Osteitis | 185 |
| Retained Tooth Roots | 187 |
| Endodontic Disease | 187 |
| Conclusion | 190 |
| 6 Oral Surgery: Neoplasia and Cystic Conditions | 199 |
| Radiographic Indications of Neoplasia (Benign and Malignant) | 199 |
| Benign Oral Tumors | 200 |
| Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma (CAA) | 200 |
| Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma (POF) | 200 |
| Feline Inductive Odontogenic Tumor (FIOT) | 201 |
| Malignant Oral Tumors | 201 |
| Nontonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) | 201 Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PSCC) |
| Fibrosarcoma (FSA) | 206 |
| Osteosarcoma (OSA) | 206 |
| Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) | 208 |
| Radiographic Indications of Cystic Conditions | 209 |
| Dentigerous Cyst | 209 |
| Radicular Cyst | 212 |
| Canine Furcation Cyst | 213 |
| Surgical Ciliated Cyst | 213 |
| Lateral Periodontal Cyst | 213 |
| Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)/Canine Odontogenic Parakeratinized Cyst (COPC) | 216 Compound and Complex Odontomas |
| Limitations of Dental Radiography for Neoplasia | 216 |
| Conclusion | 230 |
| References | 230 |
| 7 Interpretation of Uncommon Pathology in the Canine and Feline Patient | 235 |
| Introduction | 235 |
| Uncommon Conditions with Predilection for Canine Patients | 235 |
| Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO) | 235 |
| Idiopathic Calvarial Hyperostosis | 237 |
| Periostitis Ossificans (PO) | 237 |
| Malformed Roots/Root Hypoplasia | 238 |
| Dens Invaginatus/Dens in Dente | 240 |
| Uncommon Conditions Observed in both Canine and Feline Patients | 245 |
| Masticatory Myositis | 245 |
| Pulp Stones and Denticles | 246 |
| Osteosclerosis | 247 |
| Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | 248 |
| Enamel Pearls | 253 |
| Uncommon Conditions with Predilection for Feline Patients | 253 |
| Dentition Abnormalities | 253 |
| Fused Roots | 254 |
| Supernumerary Roots | 256 |
| Supernumerary Teeth | 257 |
| Abnormal Eruption | 257 |
| Unerupted Teeth | 258 |
| Patellar Fracture and Dental Anomaly Syndrome (PADS) or Knees and Teeth Syndrome | 258 Conclusion |
| Acknowledgment | 262 |
| References | 262 |
| 8 Diagnostic Imaging of Exotic Pet Mammals and Zoo Animals | 265 |
| Dental Diagnostic Imaging for Nontraditional (Exotic) Animals | 265 |
| General Considerations for Exotic Companion Mammals | 266 |
| Restraint | 266 |
| Knowledge of Normal Anatomy | 266 |
| Recommendations | 267 |
| Standard Radiography | 267 |
| Standard Radiographic Positions | 267 |
| Intraoral Radiographs | 272 |
| Intraoral Films Used Extraorally | 275 |
| Magnification Techniques | 275 |
| Anatomical Variations | 275 |
| Rabbits | 275 |
| Guinea Pigs and Chinchillas | 276 |
| Rats, Mice, Hamsters, Gerbils, and Other Commonly Kept Rodent Pets | 283 |
| Ferrets | 287 |
| African Pygmy Hedgehogs | 287 |
| Sugar Gliders | 289 |
| Prairie Dogs (Cyomys ludovicianus) | 293 |
| Captive Nondomestic or "Wild" Mammals | 293 |
| Nonhuman Primates | 293 |
| Carnivores | 297 |
| Radiographic Positioning and Techniques in Captive Animals | 297 |
| Animal Training | 300 |
| Other Dental Conditions in Zoologic Animals | 304 |
| Trauma | 304 |
| Attrition | 304 |
| Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (MPPD) | 304 |
| Molar Progression | 308 |
| Advanced Diagnostic Imaging in Exotic Pet Mammals and Zoo Animals | 308 |
| Standard Computed Tomography | 308 |
| Cone Beam Computed Tomography | 312 |
| Micro-computed Tomography | 316 |
| Considerations for Computed Tomography | 321 |
| Conclusion | 326 |
| Acknowledgment | 327 |
| References | 327 |
| 9 Diagnostic Imaging and Interpretation of the Equine Patient | 331 |
| Introduction to Equine Dental Radiographs | 331 |
| Radiation Safety | 332 |
| Radiographic Systems | 332 |
| Direct Digital Radiographic System (DR) | 332 |
| Computed Tomography | 332 |
| Standard Radiographic System | 332 |
| Radiographic Technique | 332 |
| Guidelines for Radiographic Views | 332 |
| Concepts to Understand | 332 |
| Directing the Primary Beam Through the Interproximal Spaces | 333 |
| Open Mouth Oblique Check Teeth Projections | 334 |
| Radiographic Views | 334 |
| Lateral View | 334 |
| Dorsoventral View | 336 |
| Dorsal Ventral Oblique Projection of the Maxillary Cheek Teeth | 338 |
| Ventral Dorsal Oblique Projection of the Maxillary Cheek Teeth | 340 |
| Ventral Dorsal Oblique Projection of the Mandibular Cheek Teeth | 340 |
| Dorsal Ventral Oblique Projection of the Mandibular Cheek Teeth | 340 |
| Occlusal Intraoral View of the Maxillary Incisors and Canines | 340 |
| Occlusal Intraoral View of the Mandibular Incisors and Canines | 343 |
| Evaluation of an Image | 346 |
| Labial Mounting | 346 |
| Radiographic Anatomy | 347 |
| Radiographic Changes in Dental Disease | 350 |
| Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) | 352 |
| Apical Infections | 353 |
| Periodontal Disease | 354 |
| Sinusitis | 356 |
| Neoplasia | 357 |
| Other Suggested Abnormalities to be Radiographed | 358 |
| Conclusion | 360 |
| Acknowledgment | 372 |
| References | 372 |
| 10 Advanced Imaging of the Oral Cavity | 373 |
| Introduction to the Use of Advanced Imaging Techniques in the Maxillofacial Region | 373 |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 373 |
| Technical Principles of MRI | 373 |
| T1- and T2-Weighted Sequences | 374 |
| Other MRI Sequences | 375 |
| Indications for Use of MRI over CT in the Maxillofacial Region | 376 |
| Temporomandibular Joint Disease (TMD) | 376 |
| Salivary Gland Disease | 376 |
| Abnormalities in the Muscles of Mastication and Inability to Open/Close the Mouth | 376 Conclusions on the Clinical Indication for Use of MRI |
| Computed Tomography (CT) | 379 |
| Technical Principles of Multidetector CT (MDCT) Scanners | 380 |
| Technical Principles of Cone Beam CT (CBCT) Scanners | 382 |
| Viewing CT Images | 383 |
| Differences in Image Characteristics Between CBCT and MDCT | 387 |
| Spatial Resolution | 387 |
| Soft Tissue Imaging | 387 |
| Artifacts | 389 |
| Other Impactful Differences in Practical Use Between MDCT and CBCT | 389 |
| Indications for Use of Either MDCT or CBCT in the Maxillofacial Region | 389 |
| Maxillofacial Trauma | 389 |
| Bony Pathology | 390 |
| Osteomyelitis/Osteonecrosis | 390 |
| Fibro-Osseous Disease | 390 |
| Osseous Neoplasia | 391 |
| Clefts | 392 |
| Indications for Multidetector CT only (not CBCT) in the Maxillofacial Region | 395 |
| Oral Neoplasia with a Soft Tissue Component | 395 |
| Soft Tissue Pathology | 395 |
| Indications for CBCT only (not MDCT) in the Maxillofacial Region | 395 |
| Dentoalveolar Trauma | 396 |
| Periodontal Disease | 396 |
| Endodontic Disease | 396 |
| Tooth Resorption | 399 |
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Missing Teeth | 401 |
| Conclusions on the Clinical Indication for Use of CBCT Versus MDCT | 402 |
| References | 402 |
| Index | 407 |